Issue |
A&A
Volume 696, April 2025
|
|
---|---|---|
Article Number | L13 | |
Number of page(s) | 11 | |
Section | Letters to the Editor | |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202553667 | |
Published online | 15 April 2025 |
Letter to the Editor
Water-cooled (sub)-Neptunes get better gas mileage
1
Faculty of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
2
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Hawai’i at Mänoa, Honolulu, Hawai’i 96822, USA
3
Institute for Astrophysics, University of Vienna, 1180 Vienna, Austria
⋆ Corresponding authors; tatsuya@tohoku.ac.jp, gaidos@hawaii.edu
Received:
3
January
2025
Accepted:
26
March
2025
The demographics of sub-Jovian planets around low-mass stars is dominated by populations of sub-Neptunes and super-Earths, distinguished by the presence or absence of envelopes of volatiles with a low molecular weight, that is, H2, He, and H2O. The current paradigm is that sub-Neptunes on close-in orbits evolve into super-Earths via atmospheric escape driven by high-energy stellar irradiation. We used an integrated hydrodynamic-radiation-chemical network model of the outflow to demonstrate that this escape is modulated by the abundance of H2O, which is an efficient infrared coolant. Increasing the H2O/H2 at the base of the flow induces a 1 dex decline in the escape rate, with definitive consequences for the retention of envelopes over Gyr. We show that saturation limits on H2O in the upper atmospheres of temperate sub-Neptunes could explain the paradoxical observation that these objects disappear more rapidly than their counterparts closer to their host stars. We also propose that the scarcity of sub-Neptunes around very low-mass stars could be related to the water-poor chemistry of their antecedent protoplanetary disks. Observations of atmospheric H2O by JWST as well as searches for atmospheric escape from younger planets using H and He lines could test these predictions.
Key words: planets and satellites: atmospheres
© The Authors 2025
Open Access article, published by EDP Sciences, under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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