NICER observations of type-I X-ray bursts from the ultra-compact X-ray binary M15 X-2

¹ Department of Physics and Astronomy, FI-20014 University of Turku, Finland
² Nordic Optical Telescope, Rambla José Ana Fernández, Pérez 7, E-38711 Breña Baja, Spain
³ Serco for the European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Astronomy Centre, Camino Bajo del Castillo s/n, E-28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
⁴ ATG Europe for the European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Astronomy Centre, Camino Bajo del Castillo s/n, E-28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
⁵ Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá degli Studi di Cagliari, SP Monserrato-Sestu km 0.7, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy
⁶ MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
⁷ Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montréal, QC H3A 2T8, Canada
⁸ Trottier Space Institute, McGill University, 3550 rue University, Montréal, QC H3A 2A7, Canada

^⋆ Corresponding author; madiazteo@gmail.com

Received: 13 September 2024
Accepted: 1 January 2025

Abstract

Type-I X-ray bursts are thermonuclear explosions caused by the unstable burning of accreted material on the surface of neutron stars. We report the detection of seven type-I X-ray bursts from the ultracompact X-ray binary M15 X-2 observed by the Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer (NICER) during its 2022 outburst. We found all the bursts occurred in the soft state and exhibited similar light curve profiles, with no cases of photospheric radius expansion. Time-resolved spectroscopy showed clear deviations from the blackbody model during the first ten seconds of all the bursts. The fits were improved by using the enhanced persistent emission ‘f_a’ method, which we interpret as evidence of burst-disk interaction. We compared the performance of these models against a neutron star atmosphere model and found it made no significant improvements. After analyzing the burst rise times and fuel composition, we propose that these bursts were powered by the burning of pure helium, confirming the ultracompact nature of the source.