Characterization of seven transiting systems, including four warm Jupiters from SOPHIE and TESS

¹ Institut d’astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095 CNRS université Pierre et Marie Curie, 98 bis, boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
² Observatoire de Haute-Provence, CNRS, Université d’Aix-Marseille, 04870 Saint-Michel-l’Observatoire, France
³ Laboratório Nacional de Astrofísica, Rua Estados Unidos 154, 37504-364 Itajubá, MG, Brazil
⁴ Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
⁵ Astronomy Department and Van Vleck Observatory, Wesleyan University, 96 Foss Hill Drive, Middletown, CT 06459, USA
⁶ Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, 38000 Grenoble, France
⁷ Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Av. Diagonal las Torres 2640, Peñalolén, Santiago, Chile
⁸ Millennium Institute for Astrophysics, Chile
⁹ CFisUC, Departamento de Física, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal
¹⁰ ASD, IMCCE, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Université, 77 Av. Denfert-Rochereau, 75014 Paris, France
¹¹ Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal
¹² Departamento de Física e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
¹³ Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of New Mexico, 1919 Lomas Boulevard NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
¹⁴ Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
¹⁵ Department of Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
¹⁶ International Center for Advanced Studies (ICAS) and ICIFI (CONICET), ECyT-UNSAM, Campus Miguelete, 25 de Mayo y Francia, (1650) Buenos Aires, Argentina
¹⁷ Department of Physics, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
¹⁸ Observatoire de Genève, Université de Genève, Chemin Pegasi, 51, 1290 Sauverny, Switzerland
¹⁹ Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
²⁰ Astrobiology Research Unit, Université de Liège, 19C Allée du 6 Août, 4000 Liège, Belgium
²¹ Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
²² Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), Calle Vía Láctea s/n, 38200, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
²³ Physics Department, Austin College, Sherman, TX 75090, USA
²⁴ SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9SS, UK
²⁵ Centre for Exoplanet Science, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9SS, UK
²⁶ SRON, Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Niels Bohrweg 4, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
²⁷ Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
²⁸ Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
²⁹ Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, 162 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA
³⁰ Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
³¹ American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA
³² Observatory de Ca l’Ou, Sant Martí Sesgueioles, GEECAT, Barcelona, Spain
³³ U.S. National Science Foundation National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory, 950 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
³⁴ NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
³⁵ LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, France
³⁶ Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3255, USA
³⁷ 7507 52nd Pl NE, Marysville, WA 98270, USA
³⁸ Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), 38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
³⁹ Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
⁴⁰ Univ. de Toulouse, CNRS, IRAP, 14 avenue Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France
⁴¹ Komaba Institute for Science, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
⁴² Astrobiology Center, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
⁴³ Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), 38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
⁴⁴ Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
⁴⁵ Vanderbilt University, Department of Physics & Astronomy, 6301 Stevenson Center Ln., Nashville, TN 37235, USA
⁴⁶ Kotizarovci Observatory, Sarsoni 90, 51216 Viskovo, Croatia
⁴⁷ Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
⁴⁸ Centre for Exoplanets and Habitability, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
⁴⁹ Sternberg Astronomical Institute of Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234 Russia
⁵⁰ Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
⁵¹ Department of Physics, Lehigh University, 16 Memorial Drive East, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
⁵² Instituto de Astrofísica, Facultad de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
⁵³ SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043 USA
⁵⁴ Department of Astronomy, Sofia University “St Kliment Ohridski”, 5 James Bourchier Blvd, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
⁵⁵ Landessternwarte, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Königstuhl 12, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
⁵⁶ Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
⁵⁷ Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
⁵⁸ Department of Physics, Engineering and Astronomy, Stephen F. Austin State University, 1936 North Street, Nacogdoches, TX 75962, USA

^★ Corresponding author; heidari@iap.fr

Received: 15 July 2024
Accepted: 25 November 2024

Abstract

While several thousand exoplanets are now confirmed, the number of known transiting warm Jupiters (10 d < period < 200 d) remains relatively small. These planets are generally believed to have formed outside the snowline and migrated to their current orbits. Because they are sufficiently distant from their host stars, they mitigate proximity effects and so offer valuable insights into planet formation and evolution. Here, we present the study of seven systems, three of which – TOI-2295, TOI-2537, and TOI-5110 – are newly discovered planetary systems. Through the analysis of TESS photometry, SOPHIE radial velocities (RVs), and high-spatial resolution imaging, we found that TOI-2295b, TOI-2537b, and TOI-5110b are transiting warm Jupiters with orbital periods ranging from 30 to 94 d, masses between 0.9 and 2.9 M_J, and radii ranging from 1.0 to 1.5 R_J. Both TOI-2295 and TOI-2537 harbor at least one additional, outer planet. Their outer planets – TOI-2295c and TOI-2537c – are characterized by orbital periods of 966.5_-4.2^+4.3 and 1920_-140⁺²³⁰ d, respectively, and minimum masses of 5.61_-0.24^+0.23 and 7.23_-0.45^+0.52 M_J, respectively. We have also investigated and characterized the two recently reported warm Jupiters TOI-1836b and TOI-5076b, which we independently detected in SOPHIE RVs. Our new data allow for further discussion of their nature and refinement of their parameters. Additionally, we study the planetary candidates TOI-4081.01 and TOI-4168.01. For TOI-4081.01, despite our detection in RVs, we cannot rule out perturbation by a blended eclipsing binary, and we thus exercise caution regarding its planetary nature. On the other hand, we identify TOI-4168.01 as a firm false positive; its RV curve exhibits a large amplitude in an antiphase relation with the transit ephemeris observed by TESS, indicating that the detected event is the eclipse of a secondary star rather than a planetary transit. Finally, we highlight interesting characteristics of these new planetary systems. The transits of TOI-2295b are highly grazing, with an impact parameter of 1.056_-0.043^+0.063. This leaves its radius uncertain but potentially makes it an interesting probe of gravitational dynamics in its two-planet system, as transit shapes for grazing planets are highly sensitive to even small variations in inclination. TOI-2537b, in turn, is a temperate Jupiter with an effective temperature of 307±15 K and can serve as a valuable low-irradiation control for models of hot Jupiter inflation anomalies. We also detected significant transit timing variations (TTVs) for TOI-2537b, which are likely caused by gravitational interactions with the outer planet TOI-2537c. Further transit observations are needed to refine the analysis of these TTVs and enhance our understanding of the system’s dynamics. Finally, TOI-5110b stands out due to its orbital eccentricity of 0.745_-0.027^+0.030, one of the highest planetary eccentricities discovered thus far. We find no conclusive evidence for an external companion, but an unseen planet with a semi-amplitude smaller than 10 m/s could nonetheless still be exciting its eccentricity.