The evolution of low-mass central galaxies in the vicinity of massive structures and its impact on the two-halo conformity

¹ Instituto de Astronomía y Ciencias Planetarias, Universidad de Atacama, Copayapu 485, Copiapó, Chile
² Millennium Institute of Astrophysics, Nuncio Monsenor Sotero Sanz 100, Of. 104, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
³ Universidad Andres Bello, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Físicas, Instituto de Astrofísica, Av. Fernández Concha 700, Santiago, Chile
⁴ Departamento de Física, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 3939, San Joaquín, Santiago, Chile
⁵ CONICET, Instituto de Astronomía Teórica y Experimental (IATE), Laprida 854, Córdoba, X5000BGR, Argentina
⁶ Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Observatorio Astronómico de Córdoba (OAC), Laprida 854, Córdoba, X5000BGR, Argentina
⁷ Instituto de Astrofísica de La Plata (CCT La Plata, CONICET, UNLP), Paseo del Bosque s/n, La Plata, Argentina
⁸ Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/n, La Plata, Argentina
⁹ Departamento de Física, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Avenida España 1600, Valparaíso, Chile

^⋆ Corresponding author; daniela.palma@postgrados.uda.cl

Received: 3 June 2024
Accepted: 22 October 2024

Abstract

We investigated the population of low-mass central galaxies with M_⋆ = 10^9.5 − 10¹⁰ h⁻¹ M_⊙, inhabiting regions near massive groups and clusters of galaxies using the IllustrisTNG300 and MDPL2-SAG simulations. We set out to study their evolutionary histories, aiming to find hints about the large-scale conformity signal they produce. We also used a control sample of central galaxies with the same stellar mass range located far away from massive structures. For both samples, we find a subpopulation of galaxies accreted by another halo in the past, but now considered central galaxies; we refer to these objects as former satellites. The number of former satellites is higher for quenched central galaxies near massive systems, with fractions of 45% and 17% in IllustrisTNG300 and MDPL2-SAG, respectively. The differences in the numerical resolution of each simulation lead to the different fractions of former satellites. Our results in TNG300 show that former satellites “pollute” the sample of central galaxies because they suffered environmental processes when they were satellites hosted typically by massive dark matter halos (M₂₀₀ ≥ 10¹³ h⁻¹ M_⊙) since z ≲ 0.5. After removing former satellites, the evolutionary trends for quenched central galaxies near massive structures are fairly similar to those of the quenched control galaxies, showing small differences at low redshift. For MDPL2-SAG instead, former satellites were hosted by less massive halos, with a mean halo mass around 10^11.4 h⁻¹ M_⊙, and the evolutionary trends remain equal before and after removing former satellite galaxies. We also measured the two-halo conformity, that is, the correlation in the specific star formation rate between low-mass central galaxies and their neighbors at megaparsec scales, and how former satellites contribute to the signal at three different redshifts: z = 0, 0.3, and 1. The time evolution of the conformity signal in the simulations presents apparent contradictory results: it decreases from z = 0 to z = 1 in MDPL2-SAG, while it increases in TNG300. However, after removing former satellites in the latter, the signal is strongly reduced, but practically does not change at z ≤ 0.3, and it disappears at z = 1. We compare our findings with recent literature data and discuss the conformity measurements, as different approaches can lead to varying results.