Euclid preparation

XLVIII. The pre-launch Science Ground Segment simulation framework

¹ Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Edifici RDIT, Campus UPC, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
² Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans s/n, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
³ Satlantis, University Science Park, Sede Bld 48940, Leioa-Bilbao, Spain
⁴ Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, and Sorbonne Université, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
⁵ Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
⁶ CEA Saclay, DFR/IRFU, Service d’Astrophysique, Bat. 709, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
⁷ Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, 75013 Paris, France
⁸ Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
⁹ Port d’Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
¹⁰ Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Avenida Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
¹¹ Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France
¹² Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014, Paris, France
¹³ Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
¹⁴ Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
¹⁵ Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales – Centre spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
¹⁶ Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
¹⁷ Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne, 69100, France
¹⁸ Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
¹⁹ Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Observatoire de Sauverny, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
²⁰ Department of Physics, Oxford University, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK
²¹ Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
²² Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 München, Germany
²³ Department of Physics, PO Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
²⁴ Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
²⁵ Centre de Calcul de l’IN2P3/CNRS, 21 avenue Pierre de Coubertin 69627 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
²⁶ Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
²⁷ Space physics and astronomy research unit, University of Oulu, Pentti Kaiteran katu 1, 90014 Oulu, Finland
²⁸ INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy
²⁹ IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy
³⁰ Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d’astrophysique spatiale, 91405 Orsay, France
³¹ ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
³² Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK
³³ INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy
³⁴ INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy
³⁵ Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
³⁶ SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste TS, Italy
³⁷ INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy
³⁸ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Via Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy
³⁹ INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
⁴⁰ Institut de Physique Théorique, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
⁴¹ INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese (TO), Italy
⁴² Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy
⁴³ INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
⁴⁴ Department of Physics “E. Pancini”, University Federico II, Via Cinthia 6, 80126, Napoli, Italy
⁴⁵ INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy
⁴⁶ Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal
⁴⁷ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy
⁴⁸ INFN-Sezione di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy
⁴⁹ INAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy
⁵⁰ Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology (TTK), RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
⁵¹ INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy
⁵² Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy
⁵³ INFN section of Naples, Via Cinthia 6, 80126, Napoli, Italy
⁵⁴ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
⁵⁵ Institut national de physique nucléaire et de physique des particules, 3 rue Michel-Ange, 75794 Paris Cedex 16, France
⁵⁶ Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Calle Vía Láctea s/n, 38204, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
⁵⁷ Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK
⁵⁸ European Space Agency/ESRIN, Largo Galileo Galilei 1, 00044 Frascati, Roma, Italy
⁵⁹ UCB Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IUF, IP2I Lyon, 4 rue Enrico Fermi, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
⁶⁰ Institut de Ciencies de l’Espai (IEEC-CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
⁶¹ Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
⁶² Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
⁶³ Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d’Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
⁶⁴ INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00100 Roma, Italy
⁶⁵ INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
⁶⁶ INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell’Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy
⁶⁷ Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
⁶⁸ INFN-Sezione di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
⁶⁹ Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, PO Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
⁷⁰ Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
⁷¹ Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
⁷² Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK
⁷³ von Hoerner & Sulger GmbH, Schlossplatz 8, 68723 Schwetzingen, Germany
⁷⁴ Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 327, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
⁷⁵ Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN), Denmark
⁷⁶ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
⁷⁷ Université de Genève, Département de Physique Théorique and Centre for Astroparticle Physics, 24 quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
⁷⁸ NOVA optical infrared instrumentation group at ASTRON, Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991PD Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
⁷⁹ University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Northwestern Switzerland, School of Engineering, 5210 Windisch, Switzerland
⁸⁰ Universität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany
⁸¹ INFN-Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Edificio G. Marconi, 00185 Roma, Italy
⁸² Department of Physics, Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University, South Road DH1 3LE, UK
⁸³ Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l’Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, France
⁸⁴ California institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
⁸⁵ European Space Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands
⁸⁶ Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
⁸⁷ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Aarhus, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
⁸⁸ Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
⁸⁹ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
⁹⁰ Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5, Canada
⁹¹ Space Science Data Center, Italian Space Agency, via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy
⁹² Institute of Space Science, Str. Atomistilor, nr. 409 Măgurele, Ilfov, 077125, Romania
⁹³ Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
⁹⁴ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei”, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
⁹⁵ Caltech/IPAC, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
⁹⁶ Institut für Theoretische Physik, University of Heidelberg, Philosophenweg 16, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
⁹⁷ Université St Joseph, Faculty of Sciences, Beirut, Lebanon
⁹⁸ Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, CNES, 14 Av. Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France
⁹⁹ Departamento de Física, FCFM, Universidad de Chile, Blanco Encalada 2008, Santiago, Chile
¹⁰⁰ Universität Innsbruck, Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Technikerstr. 25/8, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
¹⁰¹ Centre for Electronic Imaging, Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK
¹⁰² Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
¹⁰³ Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal
¹⁰⁴ Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Departamento de Electrónica y Tecnología de Computadoras, Plaza del Hospital 1, 30202 Cartagena, Spain
¹⁰⁵ INFN-Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy
¹⁰⁶ Junia, EPA department, 41 Bd Vauban, 59800 Lille, France
¹⁰⁷ Instituto de Física Teórica UAM-CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
¹⁰⁸ CERCA/ISO, Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
¹⁰⁹ Laboratoire de Physique de l’École Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
¹¹⁰ Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, LERMA, 750 Paris, France
¹¹¹ Astrophysics Group, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
¹¹² Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy
¹¹³ Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
¹¹⁴ Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
¹¹⁵ Dipartimento di Fisica – Sezione di Astronomia, Università di Trieste, Via Tiepolo 11, 34131 Trieste, Italy
¹¹⁶ NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
¹¹⁷ Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics & Cosmology (KIPAC), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
¹¹⁸ Minnesota Institute for Astrophysics, University of Minnesota, 116 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
¹¹⁹ INAF, Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
¹²⁰ Institute Lorentz, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 2, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
¹²¹ Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
¹²² Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, USA
¹²³ Dept. of Physics, IIT Hyderabad, Kandi, Telangana 502285, India
¹²⁴ Department of Astronomy & Physics and Institute for Computational Astrophysics, Saint Mary’s University, 923 Robie Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3C3, Canada
¹²⁵ Departamento Física Aplicada, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Campus Muralla del Mar, 30202 Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
¹²⁶ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli studi di Genova, and INFN-Sezione di Genova, via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy
¹²⁷ Ruhr University Bochum, Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Astronomical Institute (AIRUB), German Centre for Cosmological Lensing (GCCL), 44780 Bochum, Germany
¹²⁸ Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC); Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
¹²⁹ Université Paris-Cité, 5 Rue Thomas Mann, 75013 Paris, France
¹³⁰ Université PSL, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, LERMA, 75014 Paris, France
¹³¹ Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3, 53, Avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
¹³² Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vesilinnantie 5, 20014 University of Turku, Finland
¹³³ Serco for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain
¹³⁴ Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
¹³⁵ Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
¹³⁶ Centro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal
¹³⁷ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Roma, Italy
¹³⁸ INFN, Sezione di Roma 2, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Roma, Italy
¹³⁹ Department of Mathematics and Physics E. De Giorgi, University of Salento, Via per Arnesano CP-I93, 73100 Lecce, Italy
¹⁴⁰ INAF-Sezione di Lecce, c/o Dipartimento Matematica e Fisica, Via per Arnesano, 73100, Lecce, Italy
¹⁴¹ INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Via per Arnesano CP-193, 73100 Lecce, Italy
¹⁴² Department of Astrophysics, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
¹⁴³ ASTRON, the Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
¹⁴⁴ Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Peyton Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
¹⁴⁵ Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 128, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark

^★ Corresponding author; e-mail: serrano@ieec.cat

Received: 29 December 2023
Accepted: 10 July 2024

Abstract

Context. The European Space Agency’s Euclid mission is one of a raft of forthcoming large-scale cosmology surveys that will map the large-scale structure in the Universe with unprecedented precision. The mission will collect a vast amount of data that will be processed and analysed by Euclid’s Science Ground Segment (SGS). The development and validation of the SGS pipeline requires state-of-the-art simulations with a high level of complexity and accuracy that include subtle instrumental features not accounted for previously as well as faster algorithms for the large-scale production of the expected Euclid data products.

Aims. In this paper, we present the Euclid SGS simulation framework as it is applied in a large-scale end-to-end simulation exercise named Science Challenge 8. Our simulation pipeline enables the swift production of detailed image simulations for the construction and validation of the Euclid mission during its qualification phase and will serve as a reference throughout operations.

Methods. Our end-to-end simulation framework started with the production of a large cosmological N-body simulation that we used to construct a realistic galaxy mock catalogue. We performed a selection of galaxies down to I_E=26 and 28 mag, respectively, for a Euclid Wide Survey spanning 165 deg² and a 1 deg² Euclid Deep Survey. We built realistic stellar density catalogues containing Milky Way-like stars down to H < 26 from a combination of a stellar population synthesis model of the Galaxy and real bright stars. Using the latest instrumental models for both the Euclid instruments and spacecraft as well as Euclid-like observing sequences, we emulated with high fidelity Euclid satellite imaging throughout the mission’s lifetime.

Results. We present the SC8 dataset, consisting of overlapping visible and near-infrared Euclid Wide Survey and Euclid Deep Survey imaging and low-resolution spectroscopy along with ground-based data in five optical bands. This extensive dataset enables end-to-end testing of the entire ground segment data reduction and science analysis pipeline as well as the Euclid mission infrastructure, paving the way for future scientific and technical developments and enhancements.