Benchmarking the effective temperature scale of red giant branch stellar models: The case of the metal-poor halo giant HD 122563

¹ Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, France
e-mail: orlagh.creevey@oca.eu
² INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico d’Abruzzo, Via M. Maggini, sn., 64100 Teramo, Italy
e-mail: santi.cassisi@inaf.it
³ INFN – Sezione di Pisa, Largo Pontecorvo 3, 56127 Pisa, Italy
⁴ Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK

Received: 7 February 2024
Accepted: 5 April 2024

Abstract

Context. There is plenty of evidence in the literature of significant discrepancies between the observations and models of metal-poor red giant branch stars, in particular regarding the effective temperature T_eff scale.

Aims. We revisit the benchmark star HD 122563 using the most recent observations from Gaia Data Release 3, to investigate if these new constraints may help in resolving this discrepancy.

Methods. We review the most recent spectroscopic determinations of the metallicity [Fe/H] of HD 122563, and provide a new assessment of its fundamental parameters, specifically, bolometric luminosity, T_eff, surface gravity, plus a photometric determination of its metal content. Using these constraints, we compare the position of the star in the Hertzsprung-Russell (H–R) diagram with various recent sets of stellar evolution tracks.

Results. The H-R diagram analysis reveals a significant disagreement between observed and theoretical T_eff values, when adopting the most recent spectroscopic estimate of [Fe/H]. On the other hand, by using the photometric determination of [Fe/H], some of the selected sets of stellar tracks appear in fair agreement with observations. The sets with discrepant T_eff can be made to agree with observations either by modifying the prescription adopted to calculate the models’ outer boundary conditions, and/or by reducing the adopted value of the mixing length parameter with respect to the solar-calibration.

Conclusions. A definitive assessment of whether the T_eff scale of metal-poor stellar red giant branch models is consistent with observations requires a more robust determination of the fundamental parameters of HD 122563 and also a larger sample of calibrators. From the theoretical side, it is crucial to minimise the current uncertainties in the treatment (boundary conditions, temperature gradient) of the outer layers of stellar models with convective envelopes.