Euclid preparation

XLVI. The near-infrared background dipole experiment with Euclid

¹ Code 665, NASA/GSFC, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
² SSAI, Lanham, MD 20706, USA
³ Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
⁴ Center for Space Sciences and Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
⁵ Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology, NASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
⁶ Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden St., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
⁷ Departamento de Física Fundamental, Universidad de Salamanca, Plaza de la Merced s/n, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
⁸ INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy
⁹ INFN-Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 2 – c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Edificio G. Marconi, 00185 Roma, Italy
¹⁰ Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Peyton Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
¹¹ ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
¹² School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
¹³ INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy
¹⁴ INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy
¹⁵ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Via Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy
¹⁶ INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
¹⁷ Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
¹⁸ Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 München, Germany
¹⁹ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
²⁰ INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
²¹ Department of Physics “E. Pancini”, University Federico II, Via Cinthia 6, 80126 Napoli, Italy
²² INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy
²³ INFN Section of Naples, Via Cinthia 6, 80126 Napoli, Italy
²⁴ Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal
²⁵ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy
²⁶ INFN-Sezione di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy
²⁷ INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese, TO, Italy
²⁸ INAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy
²⁹ Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
³⁰ Port d’Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
³¹ Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology (TTK), RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
³² Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
³³ Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK
³⁴ Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
³⁵ European Space Agency/ESRIN, Largo Galileo Galilei 1, 00044 Frascati, Roma, Italy
³⁶ Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne 69100, France
³⁷ Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Observatoire de Sauverny, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
³⁸ UCB Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IUF, IP2I Lyon, 4 Rue Enrico Fermi, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
³⁹ Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
⁴⁰ Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
⁴¹ Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Ch. d’Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
⁴² INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00100 Roma, Italy
⁴³ INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
⁴⁴ Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
⁴⁵ INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy
⁴⁶ Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy
⁴⁷ INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell’Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy
⁴⁸ Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, PO Box 1029 Blindern 0315 Oslo, Norway
⁴⁹ Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK
⁵⁰ von Hoerner & Sulger GmbH, Schlossplatz 8, 68723 Schwetzingen, Germany
⁵¹ Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 327, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
⁵² Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN), Denmark
⁵³ Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
⁵⁴ Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
⁵⁵ Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France
⁵⁶ Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
⁵⁷ Université de Genève, Département de Physique Théorique and Centre for Astroparticle Physics, 24 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
⁵⁸ Department of Physics, PO Box 64 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
⁵⁹ Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
⁶⁰ NOVA optical infrared instrumentation group at ASTRON, Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991 PD Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
⁶¹ Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
⁶² INFN-Sezione di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
⁶³ Universität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany
⁶⁴ Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
⁶⁵ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy
⁶⁶ Department of Physics, Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University, South Road, DH1 3LE Durham, UK
⁶⁷ Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l’Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, France
⁶⁸ Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, and Sorbonne Université, 98 Bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
⁶⁹ Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, 75013 Paris, France
⁷⁰ Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
⁷¹ European Space Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands
⁷² Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Aarhus, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
⁷³ Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
⁷⁴ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
⁷⁵ , Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5, Canada
⁷⁶ Space Science Data Center, Italian Space Agency, Via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy
⁷⁷ Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales – Centre spatial de Toulouse, 18 Avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
⁷⁸ Institute of Space Science, Str. Atomistilor, nr. 409 Măgurele, Ilfov 077125, Romania
⁷⁹ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei”, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
⁸⁰ Departamento de Física, FCFM, Universidad de Chile, Blanco Encalada 2008, Santiago, Chile
⁸¹ Universität Innsbruck, Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Technikerstr. 25/8, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
⁸² Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Edifici RDIT, Campus UPC, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
⁸³ Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
⁸⁴ Satlantis, University Science Park, Sede Bld 48940, Leioa-Bilbao, Spain
⁸⁵ Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Avenida Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
⁸⁶ Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
⁸⁷ Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal
⁸⁸ Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Departamento de Electrónica y Tecnología de Computadoras, Plaza del Hospital 1, 30202 Cartagena, Spain
⁸⁹ Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, CNES, 14 Av. Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France
⁹⁰ INFN-Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy
⁹¹ IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, Via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy
⁹² INAF, Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
⁹³ Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Calle Vía Láctea s/n, 38204 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife Spain
⁹⁴ , Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, 162 5th Avenue, 10010 New York, NY, USA
⁹⁵ School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, The Parade, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK
⁹⁶ Centre de Calcul de l’IN2P3/CNRS, 21 Avenue Pierre de Coubertin, 69627 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
⁹⁷ Institut für Theoretische Physik, University of Heidelberg, Philosophenweg 16, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
⁹⁸ Université St Joseph; Faculty of Sciences, Beirut, Lebanon
⁹⁹ Junia, EPA department, 41 Bd Vauban, 59800 Lille, France
¹⁰⁰ SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, TS, Italy
¹⁰¹ INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, TS, Italy
¹⁰² ICSC – Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing, Via Magnanelli 2, Bologna, Italy
¹⁰³ Instituto de Física Teórica UAM-CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
¹⁰⁴ CERCA/ISO, Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
¹⁰⁵ Laboratoire Univers et Théorie, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, 92190 Meudon, France
¹⁰⁶ Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
¹⁰⁷ Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
¹⁰⁸ Dipartimento di Fisica – Sezione di Astronomia, Università di Trieste, Via Tiepolo 11, 34131 Trieste, Italy
¹⁰⁹ NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
¹¹⁰ Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics & Cosmology (KIPAC), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
¹¹¹ Bay Area Environmental Research Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
¹¹² Minnesota Institute for Astrophysics, University of Minnesota, 116 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
¹¹³ Institute Lorentz, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 2, 2333 CA, Leiden, The Netherlands
¹¹⁴ Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
¹¹⁵ Department of Astronomy & Physics and Institute for Computational Astrophysics, Saint Mary’s University, 923 Robie Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3C3, Canada
¹¹⁶ Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay, France
¹¹⁷ Departamento Física Aplicada, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Campus Muralla del Mar, 30202 Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
¹¹⁸ Department of Physics, Oxford University, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK
¹¹⁹ CEA Saclay, DFR/IRFU, Service d’Astrophysique, Bat. 709, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
¹²⁰ Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK
¹²¹ Department of Computer Science, Aalto University, PO Box 15400 Espoo 00 076, Finland
¹²² Ruhr University Bochum, Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Astronomical Institute (AIRUB), German Centre for Cosmological Lensing (GCCL), 44780 Bochum, Germany
¹²³ Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vesilinnantie 5, 20014 University of Turku, Finland
¹²⁴ Serco for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain
¹²⁵ ARC Centre of Excellence for Dark Matter Particle Physics, Melbourne, Australia
¹²⁶ Centre for Astrophysics & Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn Victoria 3122, Australia
¹²⁷ , W. M. Keck Observatory, 65-1120 Mamalahoa Hwy, Kamuela, HI, USA
¹²⁸ ICTP South American Institute for Fundamental Research, Instituto de Física Teórica, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
¹²⁹ Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
¹³⁰ Astrophysics Group, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
¹³¹ INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125 Firenze, Italy
¹³² Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
¹³³ Centro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal
¹³⁴ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Roma, Italy
¹³⁵ INFN, Sezione di Roma 2, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Roma, Italy
¹³⁶ Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK
¹³⁷ Department of Astrophysics, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
¹³⁸ Theoretical astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 515 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
¹³⁹ Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 128, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
¹⁴⁰ Center for Cosmology and Particle Physics, Department of Physics, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
¹⁴¹ Technische Universitat Dresden, Institut für Kern- und Teilchenphysik, Zellescher Weg 19, 01069 Dresden, Germany
¹⁴² Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany

Received: 29 January 2024
Accepted: 18 June 2024

Abstract

Verifying the fully kinematic nature of the long-known cosmic microwave background (CMB) dipole is of fundamental importance in cosmology. In the standard cosmological model with the Friedman–Lemaitre–Robertson–Walker (FLRW) metric from the inflationary expansion, the CMB dipole should be entirely kinematic. Any non-kinematic CMB dipole component would thus reflect the preinflationary structure of space-time probing the extent of the FLRW applicability. Cosmic backgrounds from galaxies after the matter-radiation decoupling should have a kinematic dipole component identical in velocity to the CMB kinematic dipole. Comparing the two can lead to isolating the CMB non-kinematic dipole. It was recently proposed that such a measurement can be done using the near-infrared cosmic infrared background (CIB) measured with the currently operating Euclid telescope, and later with Roman. The proposed method reconstructs the resolved CIB, the integrated galaxy light (IGL), from Euclid’s Wide Survey and probes its dipole with a kinematic component amplified over that of the CMB by the Compton–Getting effect. The amplification coupled with the extensive galaxy samples forming the IGL would determine the CIB dipole with an overwhelming signal-to-noise ratio, isolating its direction to sub-degree accuracy. We developed details of the method for Euclid’s Wide Survey in four bands spanning from 0.6 to 2 μm. We isolated the systematic and other uncertainties and present methodologies to minimize them, after confining the sample to the magnitude range with a negligible IGL–CIB dipole from galaxy clustering. These include the required star–galaxy separation, accounting for the extinction correction dipole using the new method developed here achieving total separation, and accounting for the Earth’s orbital motion and other systematic effects. Finally, we applied the developed methodology to the simulated Euclid galaxy catalogs, successfully testing the upcoming applications. With the techniques presented, one would indeed measure the IGL–CIB dipole from Euclid’s Wide Survey with high precision, probing the non-kinematic CMB dipole.