Probabilistic and progressive deblended far-infrared and sub-millimetre point source catalogues

I. Methodology and first application in the COSMOS field^★

¹ SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Landleven 12, 9747 AD Groningen, The Netherlands
e-mail: l.wang@sron.nl
² Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, Postbus 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
³ Department of Astronomy, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
⁴ Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics (Nanjing University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210093, PR China
⁵ National Centre for Nuclear Research, Pasteura 7, 02-093 Warszawa, Poland
⁶ Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
⁷ Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg, UMR 7550, 67000 Strasbourg, France
⁸ Astronomy Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QH, UK
⁹ Institute for Astronomy, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory Edinburgh, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK
¹⁰ Sub-Department of Astrophysics, University of Oxford, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK
¹¹ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, 7535 Bellville, Cape Town, South Africa
¹² Department of Astronomy, University of Cape Town, 7701 Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa
¹³ Inter-University Institute for Data Intensive Astronomy, Department of Astronomy, University of Cape Town, 7701 Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa
¹⁴ INAF – Istituto di Radioastronomia, via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
¹⁵ Inter-University Institute for Data Intensive Astronomy, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of the Western Cape, 7535 Bellville, Cape Town, South Africa

Received: 21 December 2023
Accepted: 12 May 2024

Abstract

Context. Single-dish far-infrared (far-IR) and sub-millimetre (sub-mm) point source catalogues and their connections with galaxy catalogues at other wavelengths are of paramount importance to studying galaxy evolution. However, due to the large mismatch in spatial resolution, cross-matching galaxies detected at different wavelengths is not straightforward.

Aims. This work aims to develop the next-generation deblended far-IR and sub-mm catalogues in deep extragalactic survey fields, by extracting photometry at the positions of known sources. We present the first application of our methodology in the COSMOS field.

Methods. Our progressive deblending used the Monte Carlo Markov chain (MCMC)-based Bayesian probabilistic framework known as XID+. The deblending process started from the Spitzer/MIPS 24 μm data, using an initial prior list composed of sources selected from the COSMOS2020 catalogue and radio catalogues from the VLA and the MeerKAT surveys, based on spectral energy distribution (SED) modelling which predicts fluxes of the known sources at the deblending wavelength. To speed up flux prediction, we made use of a neural network-based emulator. After deblending the 24 μm data, we proceeded to the Herschel PACS (100 and 160 μm) and SPIRE wavebands (250, 350 and 500 μm). Each time we constructed a tailor-made prior list based on the predicted fluxes of the known sources, taking into account the deblended photometry from the previous steps.

Results. Using simulated far-IR and sub-mm sky, we detailed the performance of our deblending pipeline. After validation with simulations, we then deblended the real observations from 24 to 500 μm and compared with blindly extracted catalogues and previous versions of deblended catalogues. As an additional test, we deblended the SCUBA-2 850 μm map and compared our deblended fluxes with ALMA measurements, demonstrating a higher level of flux accuracy compared to previous results. We publicly release our XID+ deblended point source catalogues, including best estimates and posterior probability distribution functions. These deblended long-wavelength data, which are cross-matched with multi-band photometry by construction, are crucial for studies such as deriving the fraction of dust-obscured star formation and better separation of quiescent galaxies from dusty star-forming galaxies.