Reconstructing the near- to mid-infrared environment in the stellar merger remnant V838 Monocerotis

¹ Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rabiańska 8, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
e-mail: mzainmob@ncac.torun.pl
² Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, 06304 Nice, France
³ European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 2, 85748 Garching bei Munchen, Germany
⁴ European Southern Observatory, Alonso de Cordoba 3107, Vitacura, Santiago, Chile
⁵ Astronomy Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
⁶ Astrophysics Group, Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QL, UK
⁷ Institut de Planétologie et d’Astrophysique de Grenoble, 38058 Grenoble, France
⁸ The CHARA Array of Georgia State University, Mount Wilson Observatory, Mount Wilson, CA 91203, USA
⁹ NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA

Received: 30 June 2023
Accepted: 25 March 2024

Abstract

Context. V838 Mon is a stellar merger remnant that erupted in a luminous red nova event in 2002. Although it has been well studied in the optical, near-infrared, and submillimeter regimes, its structure in the mid-infrared wavelengths remains elusive. Over the past two decades, only a handful of infrared interferometric studies have been performed, suggesting the presence of an elongated structure at multiple wavelengths. However, given the limited nature of these observations, the true morphology of the source has not yet been conclusively determined.

Aims. By performing image reconstruction using observations taken at the VLTI and CHARA, we aim to map out the circumstellar environment in V838 Mon.

Methods. We observed V838 Mon with the MATISSE (LMN bands) and GRAVITY (K band) instruments at the VLTI as well as the MIRCX/MYSTIC (HK bands) instruments at the CHARA array. We geometrically modelled the squared visibilities and the closure phases in each of the bands to obtain the constraints on the physical parameters. Furthermore, we constructed high-resolution images of V838 Mon in the HK bands using the MIRA and SQUEEZE algorithms to study the immediate surroundings of the star. Lastly, we also modelled the spectral features seen in the K and M bands at various temperatures.

Results. The image reconstructions show a bipolar structure that surrounds the central star in the post-merger remnant. In the K band, the super-resolved images show an extended structure (uniform disk diameter ~1.94 mas) with a clumpy morphology that is aligned along a north-west position angle (PA) of −40°. On the other hand, in the H band, the extended structure (uniform disk diameter ~1.18 mas) lies roughly along the same PA. Yet the northern lobe is slightly misaligned with respect to the southern lobe, which results in the closure phase deviations.

Conclusions. The VLTI and CHARA imaging results show that V838 Mon is surrounded by features resembling jets that are intrinsically asymmetric. This is further confirmed by the closure phase modelling. Further observations with VLTI can help to determine whether this structure shows any variations over time and also if such bi-polar structures are commonly formed in other stellar merger remnants.