The missing quasar image in the gravitationally lensed quasar HE0230−2130: Implications for the cored lens mass distribution and dark satellites

¹ Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
e-mail: ertlseb@mpa-garching.mpg.de
² Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Physics, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
³ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
⁴ INAF – IASF Milano, via A. Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy
⁵ Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics (ASIAA), 11F of ASMAB, No.1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
⁶ MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
⁷ Pyörrekuja 5 A, 04300 Tuusula, Finland
⁸ Bahamas Advanced Study Institute and Conferences, 4A Ocean Heights, Hill View Circle, Stella Maris, Long Island, The Bahamas

Received: 9 August 2023
Accepted: 8 February 2024

Abstract

Strongly lensed systems with peculiar configurations allow us to probe the local properties of the deflecting lens mass while simultaneously testing general profile assumptions. The quasar HE0230−2130 is lensed by two galaxies at similar redshifts (Δz ∼ 0.003) into four observed images. Using modeled quasar positions from fitting the brightness of the quasar images in ground-based imaging data from the Magellan telescope, we find that lens-mass models where each of these two galaxies is parametrized with a singular power-law (PL) profile predict five quasar images. One of the predicted images is unobserved despite it being distinctively offset from the lensing galaxies and likely bright enough to be observable. This missing image gives rise to new opportunities to study the mass distribution of these galaxies. To interpret the quad configuration of the system, we tested 12 different profile assumptions with the aim of obtaining lens-mass models that correctly predict only four observed images. We tested the effects of adopting: cored profiles for the lensing galaxies; external shear; and additional profiles to represent a dark matter clump. We find that half of our model classes can produce the correct image multiplicity. By comparing the Bayesian evidence of different model parametrizations, we favor two model classes: (i) one that incorporates two singular PL profiles for the lensing galaxies and a cored isothermal sphere in the region of the previously predicted fifth image (rNIS profile), and (ii) one with a bigger lensing galaxy parametrized by a singular PL profile and the smaller galaxy by a cored PL profile with external shear. We estimated the mass of the rNIS clump for each candidate model of our final Markov chain Monte Carlo sample, and find that only 2% are in the range of 10⁶ M_⊙ ≤ M_rNIS ≤ 10⁹ M_⊙, which is the predicted mass range of dark matter subhalos in cold dark matter simulations, or the mass of dark-matter-dominated and low-surface-brightness galaxies. We therefore favor the models with a cored mass distribution for the lens galaxy close to the predicted fifth image. Our study further demonstrates that lensed quasar images are sensitive to the dark matter structure in the gravitational lens. We are able to describe this exotic lensing configuration with relatively simple models, which demonstrates the power of strong lensing for studying galaxies and lens substructure.