The visible and thermal light curve of the large Kuiper belt object (50000) Quaoar^★,★★

¹ Konkoly Observatory, HUN-REN Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Konkoly Thege 15-17, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
e-mail: pkisscs@konkoly.hu
² CSFK, MTA Centre of Excellence, Budapest, Konkoly Thege 15-17, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
³ ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Physics and Astronomy, Budapest, Hungary
⁴ Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik, Garching, Germany
⁵ Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
⁶ Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, IAA-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, 18008 Granada, Spain
⁷ Florida Space Institute, UCF, 12354 Research Parkway, Partnership 1 building, Room 211, Orlando, USA

Received: 24 September 2023
Accepted: 22 January 2024

Abstract

Recent stellar occultations have allowed accurate instantaneous size and apparent shape determinations of the large Kuiper belt object (50000) Quaoar and the detection of two rings with spatially variable optical depths. In this paper we present new visible range light curve data of Quaoar from the Kepler/K2 mission, and thermal light curves at 100 and 160 µm obtained with Herschel/PACS. The K2 data provide a single-peaked period of 8.88 h, very close to the previously determined 8.84 h, and it favours an asymmetric double-peaked light curve with a 17.76 h period. We clearly detected a thermal light curve with relative amplitudes of ~ 10% at 100 and at 160 µm. A detailed thermophysical modelling of the system shows that the measurements can be best fit with a triaxial ellipsoid shape, a volume-equivalent diameter of 1090 km, and axis ratios of a/b = 1.19 and b/c = 1.16. This shape matches the published occultation shape, as well as visual and thermal light curve data. The radiometric size uncertainty remains relatively large (±40 km) as the ring and satellite contributions to the system-integrated flux densities are unknown. In the less likely case of negligible ring or satellite contributions, Quaoar would have a size above 1100 km and a thermal inertia ≤ 10 J m⁻²K⁻¹s^−1/2. A large and dark Weywot in combination with a possible ring contribution would lead to a size below 1080 km in combination with a thermal inertia ≳10 J m⁻²K⁻¹s^−1/2, notably higher than that of smaller Kuiper belt objects with similar albedo and colours. We find that Quaoar’s density is in the range 1.67–1.77 g cm⁻³, significantly lower than previous estimates. This density value closely matches the relationship observed between the size and density of the largest Kuiper belt objects.