Gaia Focused Product Release: Radial velocity time series of long-period variables

¹ Department of Physics and Astronomy G. Galilei, University of Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 3, 35122 Padova, Italy
² Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Chemin Pegasi 51, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
³ University of Vienna, Department of Astrophysics, Türkenschanzstraße 17, 1180 Vienna, Austria
⁴ Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Chemin d’Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
⁵ European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), Camino bajo del Castillo s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain
⁶ RHEA for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain
⁷ Sednai Sàrl, 1204 Geneva, Switzerland
⁸ GEPI, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92190 Meudon, France
⁹ Royal Observatory of Belgium, Ringlaan 3, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
¹⁰ Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg, UMR 7550, 11 rue de l’Université, 67000 Strasbourg, France
¹¹ Institut d’Astrophysique et de Géophysique, Université de Liège, 19c, Allée du 6 Août, 4000 Liège, Belgium
¹² CRAAG – Centre de Recherche en Astronomie, Astrophysique et Géophysique, Route de l’Observatoire, BP 63, Bouzareah 16340, Algiers, Algeria
¹³ Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 2, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
¹⁴ CNES Centre Spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Édouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
¹⁵ Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
¹⁶ INAF – Osservatorio astronomico di Padova, Vicolo Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy
¹⁷ European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Keplerlaan 1, 2201AZ, Noordwijk, The Netherlands
¹⁸ Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, 38000 Grenoble, France
¹⁹ Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Mönchhofstr. 12–14, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
²⁰ Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l’Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, France
²¹ Laboratoire d’astrophysique de Bordeaux, Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, B18N, allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 33615 Pessac, France
²² Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK
²³ Aurora Technology for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain
²⁴ Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
²⁵ Departament de Física Quàntica i Astrofísica (FQA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), c. Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
²⁶ Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), c. Gran Capità 2–4, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
²⁷ Lohrmann Observatory, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße 13, 01062 Dresden, Germany
²⁸ Lund Observatory, Division of Astrophysics, Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 43, 22100 Lund, Sweden
²⁹ INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo Enrico Fermi 5, 50125 Firenze, Italy
³⁰ Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Bartycka 18, 00-716 Warsaw, Poland
³¹ Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
³² INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese (TO), Italy
³³ University of Turin, Department of Physics, Via Pietro Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy
³⁴ DAPCOM Data Services, c. dels Vilabella 5–7, 80500 Vic, Barcelona, Spain
³⁵ ALTEC S.p.a, Corso Marche 79, 10146 Torino, Italy
³⁶ Gaia DPAC Project Office, ESAC, Camino bajo del Castillo s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain
³⁷ Telespazio UK S.L. for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain
³⁸ SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, LNE, 61 avenue de l’Observatoire, 75014 Paris, France
³⁹ IMCCE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Univ. Lille, 77 av. Denfert-Rochereau, 75014 Paris, France
⁴⁰ Serco Gestión de Negocios for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain
⁴¹ INAF – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy
⁴² Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK
⁴³ CIGUS CITIC – Department of Computer Science and Information Technologies, University of A Coruña, Campus de Elviña s/n, A Coruña, 15071, Spain
⁴⁴ ATG Europe for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain
⁴⁵ Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK
⁴⁶ Department of Astrophysics, Astronomy and Mechanics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografos, 15783 Athens, Greece
⁴⁷ Donald Bren School of Information and Computer Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
⁴⁸ CENTRA, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edif. C8, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
⁴⁹ INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, via S. Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy
⁵⁰ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Ettore Majorana”, Università di Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy
⁵¹ INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone (Roma), Italy
⁵² Space Science Data Center – ASI, Via del Politecnico SNC, 00133 Roma, Italy
⁵³ Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, PO Box 64, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
⁵⁴ Finnish Geospatial Research Institute FGI, Vuorimiehentie 5, 02150 Espoo, Finland
⁵⁵ Institut UTINAM CNRS UMR6213, Université de Franche- Comté, OSU THETA Franche-Comté Bourgogne, Observatoire de Besançon, BP1615, 25010 Besançon Cedex, France
⁵⁶ HE Space Operations BV for European Space Agency (ESA), Keplerlaan 1, 2201AZ, Noordwijk, The Netherlands
⁵⁷ Dpto. de Inteligencia Artificial, UNED, c/ Juan del Rosal 16, 28040 Madrid, Spain
⁵⁸ Institut d’Astronomie et d’Astrophysique, Université Libre de Bruxelles CP 226, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
⁵⁹ Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam (AIP), An der Sternwarte 16, 14482 Potsdam, Germany
⁶⁰ Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), MTA Centre of Excellence, Konkoly Thege Miklós út 15–17, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
⁶¹ ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Physics, 1117, Pázmány Péter sétány 1A, Budapest, Hungary
⁶² Instituut voor Sterrenkunde, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
⁶³ Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
⁶⁴ Institute of Physics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Observatoire de Sauverny, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
⁶⁵ Quasar Science Resources for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain
⁶⁶ LASIGE, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edif. C6, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
⁶⁷ School of Physics and Astronomy , University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
⁶⁸ School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
⁶⁹ Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
⁷⁰ Telespazio for CNES Centre Spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Édouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
⁷¹ National Observatory of Athens, I. Metaxa and Vas. Pavlou, Palaia Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece
⁷² Depto. Estadística e Investigación Operativa. Universidad de Cádiz, Avda. República Saharaui s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
⁷³ EURIX S.r.l., Corso Vittorio Emanuele II 61, 10128 Torino, Italy
⁷⁴ Porter School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
⁷⁵ ATOS for CNES Centre Spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Édouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
⁷⁶ HE Space Operations BV for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain
⁷⁷ LFCA/DAS, Universidad de Chile, CNRS, Casilla 36-D, Santiago, Chile
⁷⁸ SISSA – Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
⁷⁹ University of Turin, Department of Computer Sciences, Corso Svizzera 185, 10149 Torino, Italy
⁸⁰ Thales Services for CNES Centre Spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Édouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
⁸¹ Dpto. de Matemática Aplicada y Ciencias de la Computación, Univ. de Cantabria, ETS Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Avda. de los Castros s/n, 39005 Santander, Spain
⁸² Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
⁸³ Port d’Informació Científica (PIC), Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
⁸⁴ Instituto de Astrofísica, Universidad Andres Bello, Fernandez Concha 700, Las Condes, Santiago RM, Chile
⁸⁵ Centre for Astrophysics Research, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, AL10 9AB, Hatfield, UK
⁸⁶ University of Turin, Mathematical Department “G. Peano”, Via Carlo Alberto 10, 10123 Torino, Italy
⁸⁷ University of Antwerp, Onderzoeksgroep Toegepaste Wiskunde, Middelheimlaan 1, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
⁸⁸ INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico d’Abruzzo, Via Mentore Maggini, 64100 Teramo, Italy
⁸⁹ Instituto de Astronomia, Geofìsica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 1226, Cidade Universitaria, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
⁹⁰ Mésocentre de calcul de Franche-Comté, Université de Franche-Comté, 16 route de Gray, 25030 Besançon Cedex, France
⁹¹ Ruder Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
⁹² Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK
⁹³ Data Science and Big Data Lab, Pablo de Olavide University, 41013 Seville, Spain
⁹⁴ Institute of Astrophysics, FORTH, Crete, Greece
⁹⁵ Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Plaça Eusebi Güell 1–3, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
⁹⁶ ETSE Telecomunicación, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Galicia, Spain
⁹⁷ F.R.S.-FNRS, Rue d’Egmont 5, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
⁹⁸ Asteroid Engineering Laboratory, Luleå University of Technology, Box 848, 981 28 Kiruna, Sweden
⁹⁹ Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, Landleven 12, 9747 AD Groningen, The Netherlands
¹⁰⁰ IAC – Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, Via Láctea s/n, 38200 La Laguna S.C., Tenerife, Spain
¹⁰¹ Department of Astrophysics, University of La Laguna, Via Láctea s/n, 38200 La Laguna S.C., Tenerife, Spain
¹⁰² Astronomical Observatory, University of Warsaw, Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa, Poland
¹⁰³ Research School of Astronomy & Astrophysics, Australian National University, Cotter Road, Weston, ACT 2611, Australia
¹⁰⁴ European Space Agency (ESA retired), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Keplerlaan 1, 2201AZ, Noordwijk, The Netherlands
¹⁰⁵ LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92190 Meudon, France
¹⁰⁶ Université Rennes, CNRS, IPR (Institut de Physique de Rennes) – UMR 6251, 35000 Rennes, France
¹⁰⁷ INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131, Napoli, Italy
¹⁰⁸ Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, PR China
¹⁰⁹ University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, PR China
¹¹⁰ São Paulo State University, Grupo de Dinâmica Orbital e Planetologia, CEP 12516-410, Guaratinguetá, SP, Brazil
¹¹¹ Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 30, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
¹¹² DXC Technology, Retortvej 8, 2500 Valby, Denmark
¹¹³ Las Cumbres Observatory, 6740 Cortona Drive Suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117, USA
¹¹⁴ CIGUS CITIC, Department of Nautical Sciences and Marine Engineering, University of A Coruña, Paseo de Ronda 51, 15071, A Coruña, Spain
¹¹⁵ Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK
¹¹⁶ IRAP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, CNES, 9 Av. colonel Roche, BP 44346, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
¹¹⁷ MTA CSFK Lendület Near-Field Cosmology Research Group, Konkoly Observatory, MTA Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Konkoly Thege Miklós út 15-17, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
¹¹⁸ Pervasive Technologies s.l., c. Saragossa 118, 08006 Barcelona, Spain
¹¹⁹ School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
¹²⁰ Villanova University, Department of Astrophysics and Planetary Science, 800 E Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA 19085, USA
¹²¹ Departmento de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
¹²² INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, via E. Bianchi, 46, 23807 Merate (LC), Italy
¹²³ National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
¹²⁴ Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
¹²⁵ Centre de Données Astronomique de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
¹²⁶ University of Exeter, School of Physics and Astronomy, Stocker Road, Exeter EX2 7SJ, UK
¹²⁷ Departamento de Astrofísica, Centro de Astrobiología (CSICINTA), ESA-ESAC. Camino Bajo del Castillo s/n, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
¹²⁸ naXys, Department of Mathematics, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium
¹²⁹ INAF–Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, via G.B. Tiepolo 11, 34131 Trieste, Italy
¹³⁰ Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden St., MS 15, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
¹³¹ H H Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, UK
¹³² Escuela de Arquitectura y Politécnica – Universidad Europea de Valencia, Spain
¹³³ Escuela Superior de Ingeniería y Tecnología – Universidad Internacional de la Rioja, Spain
¹³⁴ Applied Physics Department, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
¹³⁵ Instituto de Física e Ciencias Aeroespaciais (IFCAE), Universidade de Vigo, Á Campus de As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain
¹³⁶ Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, PR China
¹³⁷ Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis bd. Arago, 75014 Paris, France
¹³⁸ Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, Jadranska ulica 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
¹³⁹ Institute of Mathematics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland

Received: 26 June 2023
Accepted: 11 August 2023

Abstract

Context. The third Gaia Data Release (DR3) provided photometric time series of more than 2 million long-period variable (LPV) candidates. Anticipating the publication of full radial-velocity data planned with Data Release 4, this Focused Product Release (FPR) provides radial-velocity time series for a selection of LPV candidates with high-quality observations.

Aims. We describe the production and content of the Gaia catalog of LPV radial-velocity time series, and the methods used to compute the variability parameters published as part of the Gaia FPR.

Methods. Starting from the DR3 catalog of LPV candidates, we applied several filters to construct a sample of sources with high-quality radial-velocity measurements. We modeled their radial-velocity and photometric time series to derive their periods and amplitudes, and further refined the sample by requiring compatibility between the radial-velocity period and at least one of the G, G_BP, or G_RP photometric periods.

Results. The catalog includes radial-velocity time series and variability parameters for 9614 sources in the magnitude range 6 ≲ G/mag ≲ 14, including a flagged top-quality subsample of 6093 stars whose radial-velocity periods are fully compatible with the values derived from the G, G_BP, and G_RP photometric time series. The radial-velocity time series contain a mean of 24 measurements per source taken unevenly over a duration of about three years. We identify the great majority of the sources (88%) as genuine LPV candidates, with about half of them showing a pulsation period and the other half displaying a long secondary period. The remaining 12% of the catalog consists of candidate ellipsoidal binaries. Quality checks against radial velocities available in the literature show excellent agreement. We provide some illustrative examples and cautionary remarks.

Conclusions. The publication of radial-velocity time series for almost ten thousand LPV candidates constitutes, by far, the largest such database available to date in the literature. The availability of simultaneous photometric measurements gives a unique added value to the Gaia catalog.