High-resolution APEX/LAsMA ¹²CO and ¹³CO (3–2) observation of the G333 giant molecular cloud complex

I. Evidence for gravitational acceleration in hub-filament systems^★

¹ Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, 53121 Bonn, Germany
e-mail: jwzhou@mpifr-bonn.mpg.de
² Centre for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NH, UK
³ Department of Astronomy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2515 Speedway, Stop C1400, Austin, Texas 78712-1205, USA
⁴ Instituto de Radioastronomía y Astrofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro # 8701, Ex-Hda. San José de la Huerta, Morelia, Michoacán, 58089, Mexico
⁵ Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, PR China

Received: 24 March 2023
Accepted: 17 May 2023

Abstract

Context. Hub-filament systems are suggested to be the birth cradles of high-mass stars and clusters.

Aims. We investigate the gas kinematics of hub-filament structures in the G333 giant molecular cloud complex using ¹³CO (3–2) observed with the APEX/LAsMA heterodyne camera.

Methods. We applied the FILFINDER algorithm to the integrated intensity maps of the ¹³CO J = 3–2 line to identify filaments in the G333 complex, and we extracted the velocity and intensity along the filament skeleton from moment maps. Clear velocity and density fluctuations are seen along the filaments, allowing us to fit velocity gradients around the intensity peaks.

Results. The velocity gradients we fit to the LAsMA and ALMA data agree with each other over the scales covered by ALMA observations in the ATOMS survey (<5 pc). Changes in velocity gradient with scale indicate a funnel structure of the velocity field in position-position-velocity (PPV) space. This is indicative of a smooth, continuously increasing velocity gradient from large to small scales, and thus is consistent with gravitational acceleration. The typical velocity gradient corresponding to a 1 pc scale is ~1.6 km s⁻¹ pc⁻¹. Assuming freefall, we estimate a kinematic mass within 1 pc of ~1190 M_⊙, which is consistent with typical masses of clumps in the ATLASGAL survey of massive clumps in the inner Galaxy. We find direct evidence for gravitational acceleration from a comparison of the observed accelerations to those predicted by freefall onto dense hubs with masses from millimeter continuum observations. On large scales, we find that the inflow may be driven by the larger-scale structure, consistent with the hierarchical structure in the molecular cloud and gas inflow from large to small scales. The hub-filament structures at different scales may be organized into a hierarchical system extending up to the largest scales probed through the coupling of gravitational centers at different scales.

Conclusions. We argue that the funnel structure in PPV space can be an effective probe for the gravitational collapse motions in molecular clouds. The large-scale gas inflow is driven by gravity, implying that the molecular clouds in the G333 complex may be in a state of global gravitational collapse.