Modeling the propagation of very-high-energy γ-rays with the CRbeam code: Comparison with CRPropa and ELMAG codes

¹ Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP225 Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
e-mail: alexander.korochkin@ulb.be
² Université de Paris, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, 75013 Paris, France
³ Laboratory of Astrophysics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland

Received: 18 February 2022
Accepted: 30 March 2023

Abstract

Context. Very-high-energy γ-rays produce electron positron pairs in interactions with low-energy photons of extragalactic background light during propagation through the intergalactic medium. The electron-positron pairs generate secondary γ-rays detectable by γ-ray telescopes. This secondary emission can be used to detect intergalactic magnetic fields (IGMF) in the voids of large-scale structure.

Aims. A new γ-ray observatory, namely, Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA), will provide an increase in sensitivity for detections of these secondary γ-ray emission and enable the measurement of its properties for sources at cosmological distances. The interpretation of the CTA data, including the detection of IGMF and study of its properties and origins, will require precision modeling of the primary and secondary γ-ray fluxes.

Methods. We assess the precision of the modeling of the secondary γ-ray emission using model calculations with publicly available Monte Carlo codes CRPropa and ELMAG and compare their predictions with theoretical expectations and with model calculations of a newly developed CRbeam code.

Results. We find that model predictions of different codes differ by up to 50% for low-redshift sources, with discrepancies increasing up to order-of-magnitude level with the increasing source redshifts. We identify the origin of these discrepancies and demonstrate that after eliminating the inaccuracies found, the discrepancies between the three codes are reduced to 10% when modeling nearby sources with z ~ 0.1. We argue that the new CRbeam code provides reliable predictions for the spectral, timing, and imaging properties of the secondary γ-ray signal for both nearby and distant sources with z ~ 1. Thus, it can be used to study gamma-ray sources and IGMF with a level of precision that is appropriate for the prospective CTA study of the effects of γ-ray propagation through the intergalactic medium.