Issue |
A&A
Volume 674, June 2023
|
|
---|---|---|
Article Number | A134 | |
Number of page(s) | 17 | |
Section | Stellar structure and evolution | |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202245727 | |
Published online | 15 June 2023 |
Internal gravity waves in massive stars
II. Frequency analysis across stellar mass
1
Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Bartycka 18, 00-716 Warszawa, Poland
e-mail: rathish.ratnasingam@newcastle.ac.uk
2
School of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
3
Computer, Computational and Statistical Sciences (CCS) Division and Center for Theoretical Astrophysics (CTA), Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545
USA
Received:
19
December
2022
Accepted:
26
April
2023
Stars that are over 1.6 solar masses are generally known to possess convective cores and radiative envelopes, which allows for the propagation of outwardly travelling internal gravity waves (IGWs). Here, we study the generation and propagation of IGWs in such stars using two-dimensional, fully non-linear hydrodynamical simulations with realistic stellar reference states from the one-dimensional stellar evolution code, Modules for Stellar Astrophysics. Compared to previous similar works, this study utilises radius-dependent thermal diffusivity profiles for five different stellar masses at the middle of the main sequence: 3 M⊙, 5 M⊙, 7 M⊙, 10 M⊙, and 13 M⊙. From the simulations, we find that the surface perturbations are larger for higher masses, but no noticeable trends are observed for the frequency slopes with different stellar masses. The slopes are also similar to the results from previous works. We compared our simulation results with stellar photometric data from a recent survey and we found that for frequency intervals above 8 μHz, there is a good agreement between the temperature frequency slopes from the simulations and the surface brightness variations of these observed stars. This indicates that the brightness variations are caused by core-generated IGWs.
Key words: hydrodynamics / waves / stars: massive
© The Authors 2023
Open Access article, published by EDP Sciences, under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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