Neutrino search from γ-ray bursts during the prompt and X-ray afterglow phases using 10 years of IceCube public data

¹ Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, 24 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Genève, Switzerland
e-mail: francescolucarelli@hotmail.it
² Gran Sasso Science Institute (GSSI), Via F. Crispi 7, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
e-mail: gor.oganesyan@gssi.it
³ INFN–Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, via Giovanni Acitelli 22, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy

Received: 26 August 2022
Accepted: 14 February 2023

Abstract

Neutrino emission from γ-ray bursts (GRBs) has been sought for a long time, and stringent limits on the most accredited GRB emission models have been obtained from IceCube. Multiwavelength GRB observations of the last decades have improved our knowledge of the GRB emission parameters, such as the Lorentz factor and the luminosity, which can vary from one GRB to another by several orders of magnitude. Empirical correlations among such parameters have been identified during the prompt phase, with direct implications on GRB models. In this work, we use the PSLab open-access code, developed for IceCube data analyses, to search for individual neutrino emission from the prompt and afterglow phases of selected GRBs, and for stacking emission from the ensemble of such GRBs. For the afterglow phase, we focus on GRBs with X-ray flares and plateaus in particular. While past stacking searches assumed the same GRB fluence at Earth, we present a stacking scheme based on physically motivated GRB weights. Moreover, we conceive a new methodology for the prompt phase that uses the empirical correlations to infer the GRB luminosity and Lorentz factor, when redshift measurements are not available. We do not observe any significant neutrino excess. Hence, we set constraints on the GRB neutrino fluxes and on relevant GRB parameters, including the magnetic field in the jet. Notably, the baryon loading is found to be less than ten for typical GRB jets.