Statistical analysis of Al III and C III] emission lines as virial black hole mass estimators in quasars^⋆

¹ Instituto de Astronomía, UNAM, Circuito de la Investigación Científica S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán 04510, Mexico
e-mail: tbuendia@astro.unam.mx
² CONACyT Research Fellow – Instituto de Astronomía, UNAM, Circuito de la Investigación Científica S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán 04510, Mexico
³ INAF, Osservatorio astronomico di Padova, vicolo dell’ Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy

Received: 2 June 2022
Accepted: 7 September 2022

Abstract

Aims. We test the usefulness of the intermediate ionisation lines Al IIIλ1860 and C III]λ1909 as reliable virial mass estimators for quasars.

Methods. We identified a sample of 309 quasars from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 16 (SDSS DR16) in the redshift range 1.2 ≤ z ≤ 1.4 that have [O II]λ3728 recorded on the same spectrum as Al IIIλ1860, Si III]λ1892, and C III]λ1909. We set the systemic quasar redshift using careful measurements of [O II]λ3728. We then classified the sources as Population A (Pop. A), extreme Population A (Pop. xA), and Population B (Pop. B), and analysed the 1900 Å blend using multi-component models to look for systematic line shifts of Al IIIλ1860 and C III]λ1909 along the quasar main sequence.

Results. We do not find significant shifts of the Al IIIλ1860 line peak in Pop. B or in the vast majority of Pop. A. For Pop. xA, a small median blueshift of −250 km s⁻¹ was observed, motivating a decomposition of the Al III line profile into a virialised component centred at rest frame and a blueshifted component for an outflow emission. For Pop. B objects, we proved the empirical necessity to fit a redshifted very broad component, clearly seen in C III], and analysed the physical implications on a Pop. B composite spectrum using CLOUDY simulations. We find consistent black hole mass estimations using Al III and C III] as virial estimators for the bulk of Pop. A.

Conclusions. Al III (and even C III]) is a reliable virial black hole mass estimator for Pop. A and Pop. B objects. The Pop. xA sources deserve special attention due to the significant blueshifted excess observed in the line profile of Al III, although it is not as large as the excess observed in C IVλ1549.