Euclid preparation

XIII. Forecasts for galaxy morphology with the Euclid Survey using deep generative models

¹ Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d’astrophysique spatiale, 91405 Orsay, France
e-mail: hubert.bretonniere@universite-paris-saclay.fr
² Université de Paris, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, 75013 Paris, France
³ Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
⁴ Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Calle Vía Láctea s/n, 38204 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
⁵ Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University 61, Avenue de l’Observatoire, 75014 Paris, France
⁶ AIM, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Université de Paris, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
⁷ Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
⁸ INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy
⁹ Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC); Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
¹⁰ Centro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal
¹¹ Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal
¹² Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
¹³ Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, CNES, 14 Av. Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France
¹⁴ University of Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IUF, IP2I Lyon, France
¹⁵ Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
¹⁶ Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Carrer Gran Capitá 2-4, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
¹⁷ Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg (ObAS), Université de Strasbourg – CNRS, UMR 7550, Strasbourg, France
¹⁸ European Space Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands
¹⁹ School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
²⁰ Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d’Écogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
²¹ SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Landleven 12, 9747 AD Groningen, The Netherlands
²² Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
²³ Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK
²⁴ INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy
²⁵ Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 München, Germany
²⁶ Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
²⁷ INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese, TO, Italy
²⁸ INFN-Sezione di Roma Tre, Via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146 Roma, Italy
²⁹ Department of Mathematics and Physics, Roma Tre University, Via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146 Roma, Italy
³⁰ INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy
³¹ INAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy
³² Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
³³ Department of Physics “E. Pancini”, University Federico II, Via Cinthia 6, 80126 Napoli, Italy
³⁴ INFN section of Naples, Via Cinthia 6, 80126 Napoli, Italy
³⁵ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Universitá di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy
³⁶ INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125 Firenze, Italy
³⁷ Institut national de physique nucléaire et de physique des particules, 3 rue Michel-Ange, 75794 Paris Cédex 16, France
³⁸ Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, Toulouse, France
³⁹ Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK
⁴⁰ European Space Agency/ESRIN, Largo Galileo Galilei 1, 00044 Frascati, Roma, Italy
⁴¹ ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
⁴² Univ Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
⁴³ Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
⁴⁴ Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
⁴⁵ Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
⁴⁶ Department of Physics, Oxford University, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK
⁴⁷ INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
⁴⁸ INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34131 Trieste, Italy
⁴⁹ Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France
⁵⁰ Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio (OAS), Via Gobetti 93/3, 40127 Bologna, Italy
⁵¹ Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy
⁵² INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell’Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy
⁵³ Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, PO Box 1029, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
⁵⁴ Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
⁵⁵ von Hoerner & Sulger GmbH, SchloßPlatz 8, 68723 Schwetzingen, Germany
⁵⁶ Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
⁵⁷ Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
⁵⁸ Université de Genève, Département de Physique Théorique and Centre for Astroparticle Physics, 24 quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
⁵⁹ Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
⁶⁰ NOVA optical infrared instrumentation group at ASTRON, Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991 PD Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
⁶¹ Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Universität Bonn, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany
⁶² INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
⁶³ Institute for Computational Cosmology, Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
⁶⁴ Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l’Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice cedex 4, France
⁶⁵ University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Northwestern Switzerland, School of Engineering, 5210 Windisch, Switzerland
⁶⁶ California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
⁶⁷ Observatoire de Sauverny, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
⁶⁸ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Aarhus, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
⁶⁹ Institute of Space Science, Bucharest 077125, Romania
⁷⁰ Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild Str. 1, 85741 Garching, Germany
⁷¹ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G.Galilei”, Universitá di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
⁷² Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Avenida Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
⁷³ Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal
⁷⁴ Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Departamento de Electrónica y Tecnología de Computadoras, 30202 Cartagena, Spain
⁷⁵ Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
⁷⁶ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Universitá di Bologna, Via Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy
⁷⁷ INFN-Sezione di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy
⁷⁸ Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy
⁷⁹ INAF-IASF Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
⁸⁰ Space Science Data Center, Italian Space Agency, Via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy
⁸¹ IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, Via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy
⁸² SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, TS, Italy
⁸³ INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, TS, Italy
⁸⁴ Dipartimento di Fisica – Sezione di Astronomia, Universitá di Trieste, Via Tiepolo 11, 34131 Trieste, Italy
⁸⁵ INFN-Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy
⁸⁶ Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Universitá degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
⁸⁷ INAF, Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
⁸⁸ INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00100 Roma, Italy
⁸⁹ School of Physics, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, UK
⁹⁰ Instituto de Física Teórica UAM-CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
⁹¹ Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
⁹² Department of Physics, PO Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
⁹³ Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, UK
⁹⁴ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
⁹⁵ Observational Cosmology Lab, Goddard Space Flight Center, MD 20771 and SSAI, Lanham, USA
⁹⁶ Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
⁹⁷ Centre de Calcul de l’IN2P3, 21 avenue Pierre de Coubertin, 69627 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
⁹⁸ Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli”, Universitá degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
⁹⁹ INFN-Sezione di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
¹⁰⁰ Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
¹⁰¹ Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6 et CNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98 bis bd Arago, 75014 Paris, France
¹⁰² ICC&CEA, Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road DH1 3LE, UK
¹⁰³ INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Via per Arnesano, CP-193, 73100 Lecce, Italy
¹⁰⁴ Department of Mathematics and Physics E. De Giorgi, University of Salento, Via per Arnesano, CP-I93, 73100 Lecce, Italy
¹⁰⁵ Institute for Computational Science, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
¹⁰⁶ Departamento de Física, FCFM, Universidad de Chile, Blanco Encalada 2008, Santiago, Chile
¹⁰⁷ Department of Physics, PO Box 35 (YFL), 40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland

Received: 26 May 2021
Accepted: 21 October 2021

Abstract

We present a machine learning framework to simulate realistic galaxies for the Euclid Survey, producing more complex and realistic galaxies than the analytical simulations currently used in Euclid. The proposed method combines a control on galaxy shape parameters offered by analytic models with realistic surface brightness distributions learned from real Hubble Space Telescope observations by deep generative models. We simulate a galaxy field of 0.4 deg² as it will be seen by the Euclid visible imager VIS, and we show that galaxy structural parameters are recovered to an accuracy similar to that for pure analytic Sérsic profiles. Based on these simulations, we estimate that the Euclid Wide Survey (EWS) will be able to resolve the internal morphological structure of galaxies down to a surface brightness of 22.5 mag arcsec⁻², and the Euclid Deep Survey (EDS) down to 24.9 mag arcsec⁻². This corresponds to approximately 250 million galaxies at the end of the mission and a 50% complete sample for stellar masses above 10^10.6 M_⊙ (resp. 10^9.6 M_⊙) at a redshift z ∼ 0.5 for the EWS (resp. EDS). The approach presented in this work can contribute to improving the preparation of future high-precision cosmological imaging surveys by allowing simulations to incorporate more realistic galaxies.