Galaxy properties of type 1 and 2 X-ray selected AGN and a comparison among different classification criteria

¹ Instituto de Fisica de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avenida de los Castros, 39005 Santander, Spain
e-mail: gmountrichas@gmail.com
² Aix Marseille Univ. CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
e-mail: veronique.buat@lam.fr
³ Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), France
⁴ National Observatory of Athens, V. Paulou & I. Metaxa, 15 236 Penteli, Greece
⁵ Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, 77843-4242 College Station, TX, USA
⁶ George P. and Cynthia Woods Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, 77843-4242 College Station, TX, USA
⁷ Section of Astrophysics, Astronomy and Mechanics, Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54 124 Thessaloniki, Greece
⁸ Centro de Astronomía (CITEVA), Universidad de Antofagasta, Avenida Angamos 601, Antofagasta, Chile

Received: 8 May 2021
Accepted: 20 June 2021

Abstract

We present analyses of host galaxy properties of type 1 and type 2 X-ray selected Active galactic nuclei (AGNs) in the XMM-XXL field, which have an available optical spectroscopic classification. We modelled their optical to far-infrared spectral energy distributions (SEDs) using the X-CIGALE code. X-CIGALE allows for the fitting of X-ray flux and accounts for the viewing angle of dusty torus and the attenuation from polar dust. By selecting matched type 1 and 2 sub-samples in the X-ray luminosity and redshift parameter space, we find that both types live in galaxies with similar star formation. However, type 2 AGN tend to reside in more massive systems (10.87_−0.12^+0.06 M_⊙) compared to their type 1 counterparts (10.57_−0.12^+0.20 M_⊙). In the second part of our analysis, we compare the spectroscopic classification with that from the SED fitting. X-CIGALE successfully identifies all spectroscopic type 2 sources either by estimating an inclination angle that corresponds to edge on viewing of the source or by measuring increased polar dust in these systems. Approximately 85% of spectroscopic type 1 AGN are also identified as such, based on the SED fitting analysis. There is a small number of sources (∼15% of the sample) that present broad lines in their spectra, but they show strong indications of obscuration, based on SED analysis. These could be systems that are viewed face on and have an extended dust component along the polar direction. The performance of X-CIGALE in classifying AGN is similar at low and high redshifts, under the condition that there is sufficient photometric coverage. Finally, the usage of optical/mid-IR colour criteria to identify optical red AGN (u − W3) suggests that these criteria are better suited for IR selected AGN and their efficiency drops for the low to moderate luminosity sources included in X-ray samples.