An intriguing globular cluster in the Galactic bulge from the VVV survey^⋆

¹ Departamento de Ciencias Físicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Fernández Concha 700, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
e-mail: vvvdante@gmail.com
² Vatican Observatory, Vatican City State 00120, Italy
³ Observatorio Astronómico, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Laprida 854, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
⁴ Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
⁵ Colégio Militar de Porto Alegre, Ministério da Defesa, Av. José Bonifácio 363, Porto Alegre, 90040-130 RS, Brazil
⁶ Centro de Astronomía (CITEVA), Universidad de Antofagasta, Av. Angamos 601, Antofagasta, Chile
⁷ Millennium Institute of Astrophysics, Nuncio Monseñor Sotero Sanz 100, Of. 104, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
⁸ Instituto de Alta Investigación, Sede Iquique, Universidad de Tarapacá, Av. Luis Emilio Recabarren 2477, Iquique, Chile
⁹ Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Trindade, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil

Received: 14 January 2021
Accepted: 23 June 2021

Abstract

Context. Globular clusters (GCs) are the oldest objects known in the Milky Way, so each discovery of a new GC is astrophysically important. In the inner Galactic bulge regions these objects are difficult to find due to extreme crowding and extinction. However, recent near-IR surveys have discovered a number of new bulge GC candidates that need to be further investigated.

Aims. Our main objective is to use public data from the Gaia mission, the VISTA Variables in the Via Lactea (VVV) survey, the Two Micron All Sky Survey, and the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer to measure the physical parameters of Minni 48, a new candidate globular star cluster located in the inner bulge of the Milky Way at l = 359.35 deg, b = 2.79 deg. The specific goals are to measure its main astrophysical parameters, such as size, proper motions, metallicity, reddening and extinction, distance, total luminosity, and age.

Methods. Even though there is a bright foreground star contaminating the field, this cluster appears quite bright in near- and mid-IR images. The size of Minni 48 is derived from the cluster radial density profile, while its reddening and extinction are estimated from optical and near-IR reddening maps. We obtain statistically decontaminated optical and near-IR colour-magnitude diagrams (CMDs) for this cluster. Mean cluster proper motions are measured from Gaia data. The heliocentric cluster distance is determined from both the red clump (RC) and the red giant branch (RGB) tip magnitudes in the near-IR CMD, while the cluster metallicity is estimated from the RGB slope and the fit to theoretical stellar isochrones.

Results. The size of this GC is found to be r = 6′±1′, and the reddening and extinction values are E(J − K_s) = 0.60 ± 0.05 mag, A_G = 3.23 ± 0.10 mag, and A_Ks = 0.45 ± 0.05 mag. The resulting mean cluster proper motions are μ_α = −3.5 ± 0.5 mas yr⁻¹ and μ_δ = −6.0 ± 0.5 mas yr⁻¹. We also study the RR Lyrae stars recognized in the field, and we argue that they are not members of this GC. The magnitude of the RC in the near-IR CMD yields an accurate distance modulus estimate of (m − M)₀ = 14.61 mag, equivalent to a distance D = 8.4 ± 1.0 kpc. Such a distance is consistent with the optical distance estimate, (m − M)₀ = 14.67 mag, D = 8.6 ± 1.0 kpc, as well as with the distance estimated using the tip of the RGB, (m − M)₀ = 14.45 mag, D = 7.8 ± 1.0 kpc. We also derive a cluster metallicity of [Fe/H] =  − 0.20 ± 0.30 dex. Adopting these values of metallicity and distance, a good fit to the PARSEC stellar isochrones is obtained in all CMDs using Age = 10 ± 2 Gyr. The total absolute magnitude of this GC is estimated to be M_Ks = −9.04 ± 0.66 mag.

Conclusions. Based on its position, kinematics, metallicity, and age, we conclude that Minni 48 is a genuine GC, similar to other well-known metal-rich bulge GCs. It is located at a projected galactocentric angular distance of 2.9 deg, equivalent to 0.4 kpc, situating this cluster as one of the closest GCs to the Galactic centre currently known.