High-latitude emission from the structured jet of γ-ray bursts observed off-axis

¹ INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Bianchi 46, 23807 Merate, Italy
e-mail: stefano.ascenzi@inaf.it
² Gran Sasso Science Institute, Viale F. Crispi 7, 67100 L’Aquila, AQ, Italy
³ INFN – Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, 67100 L’Aquila, AQ, Italy
⁴ INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico d’Abruzzo, Via M. Maggini snc, 64100 Teramo, Italy
⁵ INFN – Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126 Milano, Italy

Received: 25 April 2020
Accepted: 16 July 2020

Abstract

The X-ray emission of γ-ray burst (GRBs) is often characterized by an initial steep decay followed by a nearly constant emission phase (so-called “plateau”) which can extend up to thousands of seconds. While the steep decay is usually interpreted as the tail of the prompt γ-ray flash, the long-lasting plateau is commonly associated to the emission from the external shock sustained by energy injection from a long-lasting central engine. A recent study proposed an alternative interpretation, ascribing both the steep decay and the plateau to high-latitude emission (HLE) from a “structured jet” whose energy and bulk Lorentz factor depend on the angular distance from the jet symmetry axis. In this work we expand on this idea and explore more realistic conditions: (a) the finite duration of the prompt emission, (b) the angular dependence of the optical depth, and (c) the dependence of the light curve on the observer viewing angle. We find that, when viewed highly off-axis, the structured jet HLE light curve is smoothly decaying with no clear distinction between the steep and flat phases, as opposed to the on-axis case. For a realistic choice of physical parameters, the effects of a latitude-dependent Thomson opacity and finite duration of the emission have a marginal effect on the overall light-curve evolution. We discuss the possible HLE of GW170817, showing that the emission would have faded away long before the first Swift-XRT observations. Finally, we discuss the prospects for the detection of HLE from off-axis GRBs by present and future wide-field X-ray telescopes and X-ray surveys, such as eROSITA and the mission concept THESEUS.