Search for H₃⁺ isotopologues toward CRL 2136 IRS 1^{★,★★,★★★}

¹ Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Scheinerstr. 1, 81679 München, Germany
e-mail: mgoto@usm.lmu.de
² Gemini Observatory, 670 North Aòhoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
³ Department of Physics, 00014 University of Helsinki, PO Box 64, Finland
⁴ Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik, Giessenbachstrasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
⁵ Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, 53121 Bonn, Germany
⁶ Thirty Meter Telescope Japan, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Osawa 2-21-1, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan

Received: 17 June 2019
Accepted: 31 August 2019

Abstract

Context. Deuterated interstellar molecules frequently have abundances relative to their main isotopologues much higher than the overall elemental D-to-H ratio in the cold dense interstellar medium. H₃⁺ and its isotopologues play a key role in the deuterium fractionation; however, the abundances of these isotopologues have not been measured empirically with respect to H₃⁺ to date.

Aims. Our aim was to constrain the relative abundances of H₂D⁺ and D₃⁺ in the cold outer envelope of the hot core CRL 2136 IRS 1.

Methods. We carried out three observations targeting H₃⁺ and its isotopologues using the spectrographs CRIRES at the VLT, iSHELL at IRTF, and EXES on board SOFIA. In addition, the CO overtone band at 2.3 μm was observed by iSHELL to characterize the gas on the line of sight.

Results. The H₃⁺ ion was detected toward CRL 2136 IRS 1 as in previous observations. Spectroscopy of lines of H₂D⁺ and D₃⁺ resulted in non-detections. The 3σ upper limits of N(H₂D⁺)/N(H₃⁺) and N(D₃⁺)/N(H₃⁺) are 0.24 and 0.13, respectively. The population diagram for CO is reproduced by two components of warm gas with the temperatures 58 and 530 K, assuming a local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) distribution of the rotational levels. Cold gas (<20 K) makes only a minor contribution to the CO molecular column toward CRL 2136 IRS 1.

Conclusions. The critical conditions for deuterium fractionation in a dense cloud are low temperature and CO depletion. Given the revised cloud properties, it is no surprise that H₃⁺ isotopologues are not detected toward CRL 2136 IRS 1. The result is consistent with our current understanding of how deuterium fractionation proceeds.