Host galaxies of SNe Ic-BL with and without long gamma-ray bursts

¹ Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
e-mail: j.japelj@uva.nl
² GEPI – Observatoire de Paris Meudon, 5 Place Jules Jannsen, 92195 Meudon, France
³ INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, via E. Bianchi 46, 23807 Merate, Italy
⁴ INAF – IASF Milano, via E. Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy
⁵ INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo Enrico Fermi 5, 50125 Firenze, Italy

Received: 11 April 2018
Accepted: 26 June 2018

Abstract

Broad-line Ic supernovae (SNe Ic-BL) are a very rare class of core-collapse supernovae exhibiting high ejecta velocities and high kinetic energies. They are the only type of SNe that accompany long gamma-ray burst (GRB) explosions. Systematic differences found in the spectra of SNe Ic-BL with and without GRBs (GRB-SNe and SNe Ic-BL, respectively) could either be due to differences in the progenitor or/and explosion mechanism of SNe Ic-BL caused by the presence or absence of a GRB, or solely to differences in the viewing angle of the observer with respect to the orientation of the collimated explosion. We present the systematic comparison of the host galaxies of broad-lined SNe Ic with and without a detected GRB, the latter being detected in untargeted surveys, with the aim to find out whether there are any systematic differences between the environments in which these two classes of SNe preferentially explode. We study photometric properties of the host galaxies of a sample of 8 GRB-SNe and a sample of 28 SNe Ic-BL at z < 0.2. The two galaxy samples have indistinguishable luminosity and proper size distribution. We find indications that GRB-SNe on average occur closer to the centres of their host galaxies, that is, the samples have a different distribution of projected offsets, normalized by the galaxy sizes. In addition, we compare gas-phase metallicities of the GRB-SNe and SNe Ic-BL host samples and find that a larger fraction of super-solar metallicity hosts are found among the SNe Ic-BL without a GRB. Our results are indicative of a genuine difference between the two types of explosions and suggest that the viewing angle is not the main source of difference in the spectra of the two classes. We discuss the implications that our results have on our understanding of progenitors of SNe Ic-BL with and without a GRB.