Non-equilibrium ionization by a periodic electron beam

II. Synthetic Si IV and O IV transition region spectra^★

Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Fričova 298, 251 65 Ondřejov, Czech Republic
e-mail: elena.dzifcakova@asu.cas.cz

Received: 9 August 2017
Accepted: 11 November 2017

Abstract

Context. Transition region (TR) spectra typically show the Si IV 1402.8 Å line to be enhanced by a factor of 5 or more compared to the neighboring O IV 1401.2 Å, contrary to predictions of ionization equilibrium models and the Maxwellian distribution of particle energies. Non-equilibrium effects in TR spectra are therefore expected.

Aims. To investigate the combination of non-equilibrium ionization and high-energy particles, we apply the model of the periodic electron beam, represented by a κ-distribution that recurs at periods of several seconds, to plasma at chromospheric temperatures of 10⁴ K. This simple model can approximate a burst of energy release involving accelerated particles.

Methods. Instantaneous time-dependent charge states of silicon and oxygen were calculated and used to synthesize the instantaneous and period-averaged spectra of Si IV and O IV.

Results. The electron beam drives the plasma out of equilibrium. At electron densities of N_e = 10¹⁰ cm⁻³, the plasma is out of ionization equilibrium at all times in all cases we considered, while for a higher density of N_e = 10¹¹ cm⁻³, ionization equilibrium can be reached toward the end of each period, depending on the conditions. In turn, the character of the period-averaged synthetic spectra also depends on the properties of the beam. While the case of κ = 2 results in spectra with strong or even dominant O IV, higher values of κ can approximate a range of observed TR spectra. Spectra similar to typically observed spectra, with the Si IV 1402.8 Å line about a factor 5 higher than O IV 1401.2 Å, are obtained for κ = 3. An even higher value of κ = 5 results in spectra that are exclusively dominated by Si IV, with negligible O IV emission. This is a possible interpretation of the TR spectra of UV (Ellerman) bursts, although an interpretation that requires a density that is 1–3 orders of magnitude lower than for equilibrium estimates.