Evidence for depletion of heavy silicon isotopes at comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

¹ Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
e-mail: martin.rubin@space.unibe.ch
² Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
³ LATMOS, 4 avenue de Neptune, 94100 Saint-Maur, France
⁴ Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
⁵ Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB), Ringlaan 3, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
⁶ Centre de Sciences Nucléaires et de Sciences de la Matière, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris Sud, UMR 8609, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Campus, France
⁷ Institute of Computer and Network Engineering (IDA), TU Braunschweig, Hans-Sommer-Strasse 66, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
⁸ Space Science Directorate, Southwest Research Institute, 6220 Culebra Road, San Antonio, TX 78228, USA
⁹ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
¹⁰ Institut für Geologie, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 1+3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland

Received: 9 February 2017
Accepted: 12 April 2017

Abstract

Context. The Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis (ROSINA) was designed to measure the composition of the gas in the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, the target of the European Space Agency’s Rosetta mission. In addition to the volatiles, ROSINA measured refractories sputtered off the comet by the interaction of solar wind protons with the surface of the comet.

Aims. The origin of different solar system materials is still heavily debated. Isotopic ratios can be used to distinguish between different reservoirs and investigate processes occurring during the formation of the solar system.

Methods. ROSINA consisted of two mass spectrometers and a pressure sensor. In the ROSINA Double Focusing Mass Spectrometer (DFMS), the neutral gas of cometary origin was ionized and then deflected in an electric and a magnetic field that separated the ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio. The DFMS had a high mass resolution, dynamic range, and sensitivity that allowed detection of rare species and the known major volatiles.

Results. We measured the relative abundance of all three stable silicon isotopes with the ROSINA instrument on board the Rosetta spacecraft. Furthermore, we measured ¹³C/¹²C in C₂H₄, C₂H₅, and CO. The DFMS in situ measurements indicate that the average silicon isotopic composition shows depletion in the heavy isotopes ²⁹Si and ³⁰Si with respect to ²⁸Si and solar abundances, while ¹³C to ¹²C is analytically indistinguishable from bulk planetary and meteorite compositions. Although the origin of the deficiency of the heavy silicon isotopes cannot be explained unambiguously, we discuss mechanisms that could have contributed to the measured depletion of the isotopes ²⁹Si and ³⁰Si.