Deuteration of ammonia in the starless core Ophiuchus/H-MM1^⋆

¹ Max-Planck-Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (MPE), Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
e-mail: harju@mpe.mpg.de
² Department of Physics, PO Box 64, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
³ Université Grenoble Alpes, IPAG, 38000 Grenoble, France
⁴ CNRS, IPAG, 38000 Grenoble, France
⁵ Dunlap Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 50 St. George Street, Toronto M5S 3H4, Ontario, Canada
⁶ Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, 53121 Bonn, Germany
⁷ Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge MA 02138, USA
⁸ Department of Physics, 4-181 CCIS, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
⁹ I. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Strasse 77, 50937 Köln, Germany
¹⁰ Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA

Received: 9 March 2016
Accepted: 16 December 2016

Abstract

Context. Ammonia and its deuterated isotopologues probe physical conditions in dense molecular cloud cores. The time-dependence of deuterium fractionation and the relative abundances of different nuclear spin modifications are supposed to provide a means of determining the evolutionary stages of these objects.

Aims. We aim to test the current understanding of spin-state chemistry of deuterated species by determining the abundances and spin ratios of NH₂D, NHD₂ and ND₃ in a quiescent, dense cloud.

Methods. Spectral lines of NH₃, NH₂D, NHD₂, ND₃ and N₂D⁺ were observed towards a dense, starless core in Ophiuchus with the APEX, GBT and IRAM 30-m telescopes. The observations were interpreted using a gas-grain chemistry model combined with radiative transfer calculations. The chemistry model distinguishes between the different nuclear spin states of light hydrogen molecules, ammonia and their deuterated forms. Different desorption schemes can be considered.

Results. High deuterium fractionation ratios with NH₂D/NH₃ ~ 0.4, NHD₂/ NH₂D ~ 0.2 and ND₃/ NHD₂ ~ 0.06 are found in the core. The observed ortho/para ratios of NH₂D and NHD₂ are close to the corresponding nuclear spin statistical weights. The chemistry model can approximately reproduce the observed abundances, but consistently predicts too low ortho/para-NH₂D, and too large ortho/para-NHD₂ ratios. The longevity of N₂H⁺ and NH₃ in dense gas, which is prerequisite to their strong deuteration, can be attributed to the chemical inertia of N₂ on grain surfaces.

Conclusions. The discrepancies between the chemistry model and the observations are likely to be caused by the fact that the model assumes complete scrambling in principal gas-phase deuteration reactions of ammonia, which means that all the nuclei are mixed in reactive collisions. If, instead, these reactions occur through proton hop/hydrogen abstraction processes, statistical spin ratios are to be expected. The present results suggest that while the deuteration of ammonia changes with physical conditions and time, the nuclear spin ratios of ammonia isotopologues do not probe the evolutionary stage of a cloud.