Planck 2015 results

VIII. High Frequency Instrument data processing: Calibration and maps

¹ APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/lrfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
² African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, 6-8 Melrose Road, Muizenberg, 7945 Cape Town, South Africa
³ Agenzia Spaziale Italiana Science Data Center, Via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy
⁴ Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LAM (Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille) UMR 7326, 13388 Marseille, France
⁵ Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
⁶ Astrophysics and Cosmology Research Unit, School of Mathematics, Statistics & Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, 4000 Durban, South Africa
⁷ Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array, ALMA Santiago Central Offices, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura, 763 0355 Casilla, Santiago, Chile
⁸ CITA, University of Toronto, 60 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada
⁹ CNRS, IRAP, 9 Av. colonel Roche, BP 44346, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
¹⁰ CRANN, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
¹¹ California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California CA 91125, USA
¹² Centre for Theoretical Cosmology, DAMTP, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, UK
¹³ Computational Cosmology Center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 92093-0424, USA
¹⁴ DSM/Irfu/SPP, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
¹⁵ DTU Space,National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 327, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
¹⁶ Département de Physique Théorique, Université de Genève, 24, Quai E. Ansermet, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
¹⁷ Departamento de Física, Universidad de Oviedo, Avda. Calvo Sotelo s/n, 33005 Oviedo, Spain
¹⁸ Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 50 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario ON M5S 3174, Canada
¹⁹ Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
²⁰ Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver BC V6T 124, British Columbia, Canada
²¹ Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dana and David Dornsife College of Letter, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
²² Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
²³ Department of Physics, Florida State University, Keen Physics Building, 77 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida, FL 32306, USA
²⁴ Department of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a, University of Helsinki, 00560 Helsinki, Finland
²⁵ Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey NJ 08540, USA
²⁶ Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California CA 93106, USA
²⁷ Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois, IL 61801, USA
²⁸ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia G. Galilei, Università degli Studi di Padova, via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
²⁹ Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università di Ferrara, via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
³⁰ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università La Sapienza, P. le A. Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
³¹ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria, 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
³² Dipartimento di Matematica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
³³ Discovery Center, Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, 1165 Copenhagen, Denmark
³⁴ European Southern Observatory, ESO Vitacura, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura, Casilla 19001, Santiago, Chile
³⁵ European Space Agency, ESAC, Planck Science Office, Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
³⁶ European Space Agency, ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands
³⁷ Facoltà di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi e-Campus, via Isimbardi 10, 22060 Novedrate (CO), Italy
³⁸ Gran Sasso Science Institute, INFN, viale F. Crispi 7, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
³⁹ HGSFP and University of Heidelberg, Theoretical Physics Department, Philosophenweg 16, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
⁴⁰ Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
⁴¹ INAF–Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, 35141 Padova, Italy
⁴² INAF–Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, via di Frascati 33, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy
⁴³ INAF–Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, via G.B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy
⁴⁴ INAF/IASF Bologna, via Gobetti 101, 40127 Bologna, Italy
⁴⁵ INAF/IASF Milano, via E. Bassini 15, 28 Milano, Italy
⁴⁶ INFN, Sezione di Bologna, via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy
⁴⁷ INFN, Sezione di Roma 1, Università di Roma Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
⁴⁸ INFN, Sezione di Roma 2, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1 Roma, Italy
⁴⁹ IPAG: Institut de Planétologie et d’Astrophysique de Grenoble, Université Grenoble Alpes, IPAG; CNRS, IPAG, 38000 Grenoble, France
⁵⁰ IUCAA, Post Bag 4, Ganeshkhind, Pune University Campus, 411 007 Pune, India
⁵¹ Imperial College London, Astrophysics group, Blackett Laboratory, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
⁵² Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
⁵³ Institut Néel, CNRS, Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble I, 25 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France
⁵⁴ Institut Universitaire de France, 103 bd Saint-Michel, 75005 Paris, France
⁵⁵ Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS (UMR 8617) Université Paris-Sud 11, Bâtiment 121, 91405 Orsay, France
⁵⁶ Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR 7095), 98 bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
⁵⁷ Institut für Theoretische Teilchenphysik und Kosmologie, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
⁵⁸ Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK
⁵⁹ Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Blindern, 0371 Oslo, Norway
⁶⁰ Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avda. de los Castros s/n, Santander, Spain
⁶¹ Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
⁶² Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, CA 91109, USA
⁶³ Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Alan Turing Building, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
⁶⁴ Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
⁶⁵ Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0HA, UK
⁶⁶ Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya St., 420008 Kazan, Russia
⁶⁷ LAL, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Orsay, France
⁶⁸ LERMA, CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, 61 Avenue de l’Observatoire, 75014 Paris, France
⁶⁹ LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS, UPMC, Université Paris-Diderot, 5 Place J. Janssen, 92195 Meudon, France
⁷⁰ Laboratoire AIM, IRFU/Service d’Astrophysique – CEA/DSM – CNRS – Université Paris Diderot, Bât. 709, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
⁷¹ Laboratoire Traitement et Communication de l’Information, CNRS (UMR 5141) and Télécom ParisTech, 46 rue Barrault, 75634 Paris Cedex 13, France
⁷² Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et Cosmologie, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, 53 rue des Martyrs, 38026 Grenoble Cedex, France
⁷³ Laboratoire de Physique Théorique, Université Paris-Sud 11 & CNRS, Bâtiment 210, 91405 Orsay, France
⁷⁴ Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, CA 94720, USA
⁷⁵ Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Astro Space Centre, 84/32 Profsoyuznaya st., GSP-7, 117997 Moscow, Russia
⁷⁶ Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1, 85741 Garching, Germany
⁷⁷ McGill Physics, Ernest Rutherford Physics Building, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montréal, QC, H3A 2T8, Canada
⁷⁸ National University of Ireland, Department of Experimental Physics, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
⁷⁹ Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Bartycka 18, 00-716 Warsaw, Poland
⁸⁰ Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
⁸¹ Optical Science Laboratory, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
⁸² SISSA, Astrophysics Sector, via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
⁸³ School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Queens Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UK
⁸⁴ School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
⁸⁵ Sorbonne Université-UPMC, UMR 7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98 bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
⁸⁶ Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California CA 94720, USA
⁸⁷ Special Astrophysical Observatory, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhnij Arkhyz, Zelenchukskiy region, 369167 Karachai-Cherkessian Republic, Russia
⁸⁸ Sub-Department of Astrophysics, University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK
⁸⁹ Theory Division, PH-TH, CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
⁹⁰ UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7095, 98 bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
⁹¹ Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
⁹² University of Granada, Departamento de Física Teórica y del Cosmos, Facultad de Ciencias, 18001 Granada, Spain
⁹³ University of Granada, Instituto Carlos I de Física Teórica y Computacional, 18003 Granada, Spain
⁹⁴ Warsaw University Observatory, Aleje Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa, Poland

^⋆ Corresponding authors: M. Tristram, e-mail: tristram@lal.in2p3.fr; O. Perdereau, e-mail: perdereau@lal.in2p3.fr

Received: 5 February 2015
Accepted: 10 September 2015

Abstract

This paper describes the processing applied to the cleaned, time-ordered information obtained from the Planck High Frequency Instrument (HFI) with the aim of producing photometrically calibrated maps in temperature and (for the first time) in polarization. The data from the entire 2.5-year HFI mission include almost five full-sky surveys. HFI observes the sky over a broad range of frequencies, from 100 to 857 GHz. To obtain the best accuracy on the calibration over such a large range, two different photometric calibration schemes have been used. The 545 and 857 GHz data are calibrated using models of planetary atmospheric emission. The lower frequencies (from 100 to 353 GHz) are calibrated using the time-variable cosmological microwave background dipole, which we call the orbital dipole. This source of calibration only depends on the satellite velocity with respect to the solar system. Using a CMB temperature of T_CMB = 2.7255 ± 0.0006 K, it permits an independent measurement of the amplitude of the CMB solar dipole (3364.3 ± 1.5 μK), which is approximatively 1σ higher than the WMAP measurement with a direction that is consistent between the two experiments. We describe the pipeline used to produce the maps ofintensity and linear polarization from the HFI timelines, and the scheme used to set the zero level of the maps a posteriori. We also summarize the noise characteristics of the HFI maps in the 2015 Planck data release and present some null tests to assess their quality. Finally, we discuss the major systematic effects and in particular the leakage induced by flux mismatch between the detectors that leads to spurious polarization signal.