Planck 2013 results. III. LFI systematic uncertainties

¹ APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/lrfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
² Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory, Metsähovintie 114, 02540 Kylmälä, Finland
³ African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, 6-8 Melrose Road, Muizenberg, 7701 Rondebosch Cape Town, South Africa
⁴ Agenzia Spaziale Italiana Science Data Center, via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy
⁵ Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Viale Liegi 26, 00198 Roma, Italy
⁶ Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
⁷ CITA, University of Toronto, 60 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada
⁸ CNRS, IRAP, 9 Av. colonel Roche, BP 44346, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
⁹ California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
¹⁰ Centre for Theoretical Cosmology, DAMTP, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, UK
¹¹ Centro de Estudios de Física del Cosmos de Aragón (CEFCA), Plaza San Juan, 1, planta 2, 44001 Teruel, Spain
¹² Computational Cosmology Center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
¹³ Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain
¹⁴ DSM/Irfu/SPP, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
¹⁵ DTU Space, National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 327, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
¹⁶ Département de Physique Théorique, Université de Genève, 24 quai E. Ansermet, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
¹⁷ Departamento de Física Fundamental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
¹⁸ Departamento de Física, Universidad de Oviedo, Avda. Calvo Sotelo s/n, 33007 Oviedo, Spain
¹⁹ Departamento de Matemáticas, Estadística y Computación, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. de los Castros s/n, 39005 Santander, Spain
²⁰ Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 50 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
²¹ Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
²² Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
²³ Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
²⁴ Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dana and David Dornsife College of Letter, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles CA 90089, USA
²⁵ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
²⁶ Department of Physics, Florida State University, Keen Physics Building, 77 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
²⁷ Department of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
²⁸ Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
²⁹ Department of Physics, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, USA
³⁰ Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
³¹ Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois, USA
³² Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia G. Galilei, Università degli Studi di Padova, via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
³³ Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università di Ferrara, via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
³⁴ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università La Sapienza, P. le A. Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
³⁵ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria, 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
³⁶ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Trieste, via A. Valerio 2, 34 127 Trieste, Italy
³⁷ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
³⁸ Discovery Center, Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
³⁹ Dpto. Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
⁴⁰ European Space Agency, ESAC, Planck Science Office, Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
⁴¹ European Space Agency, ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands
⁴² Haverford College Astronomy Department, 370 Lancaster Avenue, Haverford, Pennsylvania, USA
⁴³ Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
⁴⁴ INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, via S. Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy
⁴⁵ INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy
⁴⁶ INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, via di Frascati 33, 00040 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy
⁴⁷ INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, via G.B. Tiepolo 11, 34131 Trieste, Italy
⁴⁸ INAF Istituto di Radioastronomia, via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
⁴⁹ INAF/IASF Bologna, via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
⁵⁰ INAF/IASF Milano, via E. Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy
⁵¹ INFN, Sezione di Bologna, via Irnerio 46, 40126, Bologna, Italy
⁵² INFN, Sezione di Roma 1, Università di Roma Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
⁵³ IPAG: Institut de Planétologie et d’Astrophysique de Grenoble, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble 1/CNRS-INSU, UMR 5274, 38041 Grenoble, France
⁵⁴ ISDC Data Centre for Astrophysics, University of Geneva, ch. d’Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
⁵⁵ IUCAA, Post Bag 4, Ganeshkhind, Pune University Campus, 411 007 Pune, India
⁵⁶ Imperial College London, Astrophysics group, Blackett Laboratory, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
⁵⁷ Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
⁵⁸ Institut Néel, CNRS, Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble I, 25 rue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
⁵⁹ Institut Universitaire de France, 103 bd Saint-Michel, 75005 Paris, France
⁶⁰ Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS (UMR 8617) Université Paris-Sud 11, Bâtiment 121, Orsay, France
⁶¹ Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR 7095), 98bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
⁶² Institute for Space Sciences, Bucharest-Magurale, Romania
⁶³ Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 106 Taipei, Taiwan
⁶⁴ Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK
⁶⁵ Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
⁶⁶ Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, C/Vía Láctea s/n, 38200, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
⁶⁷ Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avda. de los Castros s/n, 39005 Santander, Spain
⁶⁸ Istituto di Fisica del Plasma, CNR-ENEA-EURATOM Association, via R. Cozzi 53, 20125 Milano, Italy
⁶⁹ Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
⁷⁰ Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Alan Turing Building, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
⁷¹ Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0HA, UK
⁷² LAL, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, 91898 Orsay, France
⁷³ LERMA, CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, 61 avenue de l’Observatoire, 75014 Paris, France
⁷⁴ Laboratoire AIM, IRFU/Service d’Astrophysique – CEA/DSM – CNRS – Université Paris Diderot, Bât. 709, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
⁷⁵ Laboratoire Traitement et Communication de l’Information, CNRS (UMR 5141) and Télécom ParisTech, 46 rue Barrault, 75634 Paris Cedex 13, France
⁷⁶ Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble I, CNRS/IN2P3, Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble, 53 rue des Martyrs, 38026 Grenoble Cedex, France
⁷⁷ Laboratoire de Physique Théorique, Université Paris-Sud 11 & CNRS, Bâtiment 210, 91405 Orsay, France
⁷⁸ Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
⁷⁹ Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1, 85741 Garching, Germany
⁸⁰ McGill Physics, Ernest Rutherford Physics Building, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montréal, QC, H3A 2T8, Canada
⁸¹ MilliLab, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tietotie 3, 02044 Espoo, Finland
⁸² Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, Copenhagen, Denmark
⁸³ Observational Cosmology, Mail Stop 367-17, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
⁸⁴ SB-ITP-LPPC, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
⁸⁵ SISSA, Astrophysics Sector, via Bonomea 265, 34136, Trieste, Italy
⁸⁶ School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Queens Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UK
⁸⁷ School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
⁸⁸ Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
⁸⁹ Special Astrophysical Observatory, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhnij Arkhyz, Zelenchukskiy region, 369167 Karachai-Cherkessian Republic, Russia
⁹⁰ Stanford University, Dept of Physics, Varian Physics Bldg, 382 via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, California, USA
⁹¹ Sub-Department of Astrophysics, University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK
⁹² Theory Division, PH-TH, CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
⁹³ UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR7095, 98bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
⁹⁴ Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
⁹⁵ University of Granada, Departamento de Física Teórica y del Cosmos, Facultad de Ciencias, 18071 Granada, Spain
⁹⁶ Warsaw University Observatory, Aleje Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa, Poland

Received: 26 March 2013
Accepted: 24 March 2014

Abstract

We present the current estimate of instrumental and systematic effect uncertainties for the Planck-Low Frequency Instrument relevant to the first release of the Planck cosmological results. We give an overview of the main effects and of the tools and methods applied to assess residuals in maps and power spectra. We also present an overall budget of known systematic effect uncertainties, which are dominated by sidelobe straylight pick-up and imperfect calibration. However, even these two effects are at least two orders of magnitude weaker than the cosmic microwave background fluctuations as measured in terms of the angular temperature power spectrum. A residual signal above the noise level is present in the multipole range ℓ < 20, most notably at 30 GHz, and is probably caused by residual Galactic straylight contamination. Current analysis aims to further reduce the level of spurious signals in the data and to improve the systematic effects modelling, in particular with respect to straylight and calibration uncertainties.