Planck 2013 results. XIV. Zodiacal emission

¹ APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/lrfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
² Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory, Metsähovintie 114, 02540 Kylmälä, Finland
³ African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, 6-8 Melrose Road, 7945 Muizenberg, Cape Town, South Africa
⁴ Agenzia Spaziale Italiana Science Data Center, via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy
⁵ AgenziaSpaziale Italiana, Viale Liegi 26, 00198 Roma, Italy
⁶ Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
⁷ Astrophysics & Cosmology Research Unit, School of Mathematics, Statistics & Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, 4000 Durban, South Africa
⁸ Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array, ALMA Santiago Central Offices, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura, Casilla 763 0355 Santiago, Chile
⁹ CITA, University of Toronto, 60 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada
¹⁰ CNRS, IRAP, 9 Av. colonel Roche, BP 44346, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
¹¹ California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
¹² Centre for Theoretical Cosmology, DAMTP, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, UK
¹³ Centro de Estudios de Física del Cosmos de Aragón (CEFCA), Plaza San Juan, 1, planta 2, 44001 Teruel, Spain
¹⁴ Computational Cosmology Center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
¹⁵ Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain
¹⁶ DSM/Irfu/SPP, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
¹⁷ DTU Space, National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 327, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
¹⁸ Département de Physique Théorique, Université de Genève, 24 quai E. Ansermet, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
¹⁹ Departamento de Física Fundamental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
²⁰ Departamento de Física, Universidad de Oviedo, Avda. Calvo Sotelo s/n, 33007 Oviedo, Spain
²¹ Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 50 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
²² Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
²³ Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
²⁴ Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
²⁵ Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dana and David Dornsife College of Letter, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
²⁶ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
²⁷ Department of Physics, Florida State University, Keen Physics Building, 77 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
²⁸ Department of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
²⁹ Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
³⁰ Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
³¹ Department of Physics, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, USA
³² Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
³³ Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois, USA
³⁴ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia G. Galilei, Università degli Studi di Padova, via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
³⁵ Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università di Ferrara, via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
³⁶ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
³⁷ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria, 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
³⁸ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Trieste, via A. Valerio 2, Trieste, Italy
³⁹ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
⁴⁰ Discovery Center, Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, Copenhagen, Denmark
⁴¹ Dpto. Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
⁴² European Southern Observatory, ESO Vitacura, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura, Casilla 19001 Santiago, Chile
⁴³ European Space Agency, ESAC, Planck Science Office, Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain
⁴⁴ European Space Agency, ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands
⁴⁵ Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
⁴⁶ INAF –Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, via S. Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy
⁴⁷ INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy
⁴⁸ INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, via di Frascati 33, 00040 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy
⁴⁹ INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, via G.B. Tiepolo 11, 34131 Trieste, Italy
⁵⁰ INAF Istituto di Radioastronomia, via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
⁵¹ INAF/IASF Bologna, via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
⁵² INAF/IASF Milano, via E. Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy
⁵³ INFN, Sezione di Bologna, via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy
⁵⁴ INFN, Sezione di Roma 1, Università di Roma Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
⁵⁵ IPAG: Institut de Planétologie et d’Astrophysique de Grenoble, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble 1/CNRS-INSU, UMR 5274, 38041 Grenoble, France
⁵⁶ IUCAA, Post Bag 4, Ganeshkhind, Pune University Campus, 411 007 Pune, India
⁵⁷ Imperial College London, Astrophysics group, Blackett Laboratory, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
⁵⁸ Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
⁵⁹ Institut Néel, CNRS, Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble I, 25 rue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
⁶⁰ Institut Universitaire de France, 103 bd Saint-Michel, 75005 Paris, France
⁶¹ Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS (UMR 8617), Université Paris-Sud 11, Bât. 121, 91405 Orsay, France
⁶² Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR 7095), 98bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
⁶³ Institute for Space Sciences, 77125 Bucharest-Magurale, Romania
⁶⁴ Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
⁶⁵ Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK
⁶⁶ Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
⁶⁷ Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, C/Vía Láctea s/n, 38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
⁶⁸ Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avda. de los Castros s/n, 39005 Santander, Spain
⁶⁹ Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
⁷⁰ Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Alan Turing Building, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
⁷¹ Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0HA, UK
⁷² LAL, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Orsay, France
⁷³ LERMA, CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, 61 Av. de l’Observatoire, 75014 Paris, France
⁷⁴ Laboratoire AIM, IRFU/Service d’Astrophysique – CEA/DSM – CNRS – Université Paris Diderot, Bât. 709, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
⁷⁵ Laboratoire Traitement et Communication de l’Information, CNRS (UMR 5141) and Télécom ParisTech, 46 rue Barrault, 75634 Paris Cedex 13, France
⁷⁶ Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble I, CNRS/IN2P3, Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble, 53 rue des Martyrs, 38026 Grenoble Cedex, France
⁷⁷ Laboratoire de Physique Théorique, Université Paris-Sud 11 & CNRS, Bât. 210, 91405 Orsay, France
⁷⁸ Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
⁷⁹ Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1, 85741 Garching, Germany
⁸⁰ McGill Physics, Ernest Rutherford Physics Building, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montréal, QC, H3A 2T8, Canada
⁸¹ MilliLab, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tietotie 3, 02044 Espoo, Finland
⁸² National University of Ireland, Department of Experimental Physics, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
⁸³ Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
⁸⁴ Observational Cosmology, Mail Stop 367-17, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena CA 91125, USA
⁸⁵ Optical Science Laboratory, University College London, Gower Street, London, UK
⁸⁶ SB-ITP-LPPC, EPFL, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
⁸⁷ SISSA, Astrophysics Sector, via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
⁸⁸ School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Queens Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UK
⁸⁹ Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
⁹⁰ Special Astrophysical Observatory, Russian Academy ofSciences, Nizhnij Arkhyz, Zelenchukskiy region, 369167 Karachai-Cherkessian Republic, Russia
⁹¹ Stanford University, Dept of Physics, Varian Physics Bldg, 382 via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, California, USA
⁹² Sub-Department of Astrophysics, University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK
⁹³ Theory Division, PH-TH, CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
⁹⁴ UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7095, 98 bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
⁹⁵ Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
⁹⁶ Universities Space Research Association, Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy, MS 232-11, Moffett Field CA 94035, USA
⁹⁷ University of Granada, Departamento de Física Teórica y del Cosmos, Facultad de Ciencias, 18071 Granada, Spain
⁹⁸ Warsaw University Observatory, Aleje Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa, Poland

Received: 25 March 2013
Accepted: 4 March 2014

Abstract

The Planck satellite provides a set of all-sky maps at nine frequencies from 30 GHz to 857 GHz. Planets, minor bodies, and diffuse interplanetary dust emission (IPD) are all observed. The IPD can be separated from Galactic and other emissions because Planck views a given point on the celestial sphere multiple times, through different columns of IPD. We use the Planck data to investigate the behaviour of zodiacal emission over the whole sky at sub-millimetre and millimetre wavelengths. We fit the Planck data to find the emissivities of the various components of the COBE zodiacal model – a diffuse cloud, three asteroidal dust bands, a circumsolar ring, and an Earth-trailing feature. The emissivity of the diffuse cloud decreases with increasing wavelength, as expected from earlier analyses. The emissivities of the dust bands, however, decrease less rapidly, indicating that the properties of the grains in the bands are different from those in the diffuse cloud. We fit the small amount of Galactic emission seen through the telescope’s far sidelobes, and place limits on possible contamination of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) results from both zodiacal and far-sidelobe emission. When necessary, the results are used in the Planck pipeline to make maps with zodiacal emission and far sidelobes removed. We show that the zodiacal correction to the CMB maps is small compared to the Planck CMB temperature power spectrum and give a list of flux densities for small solar system bodies.