Lack of PAH emission toward low-mass embedded young stellar objects^*

¹ Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
² University of Toronto, 50 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5R 2W9, Canada e-mail: vcgeers@astro.utoronto.ca
³ Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, Mail Code 150-21, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
⁴ SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
⁵ Observatorio Astronómico Nacional (IGN), Alfonso XII, 3, 28014 Madrid, Spain
⁶ Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Koenigstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany

Received: 19 September 2008
Accepted: 2 December 2008

Abstract

Aims. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been detected toward molecular clouds and some young stars with disks, but have not yet been associated with embedded young stars. We present a sensitive mid-infrared spectroscopic survey of PAH features toward a sample of low-mass embedded young stellar objects (YSOs). The aim is to put constraints on the PAH abundance in the embedded phase of star formation using radiative transfer modeling.

Methods. VLT-ISAAC L-band spectra for 39 sources and Spitzer IRS spectra for 53 sources are presented. Line intensities are compared to recent surveys of Herbig Ae/Be and T Tauri stars. The radiative transfer codes RADMC and RADICAL are used to model the PAH emission from embedded YSOs consisting of a pre-main-sequence star with a circumstellar disk embedded in an envelope. The dependence of the PAH feature on PAH abundance, stellar radiation field, inclination and the extinction by the surrounding envelope is studied.

Results. The 3.3 μm PAH feature is undetected for the majority of the sample (97%), with typical upper limits of 5 10^-16 W m^-2. One source originally classified as class I, IRS 48, shows a strong 3.3 μm feature from a disk. Compact 11.2 μm PAH emission is seen directly towards 1 out of the 53 Spitzer Short-High spectra, for a source that is borderline embedded. For all 12 sources with both VLT and Spitzer spectra, no PAH features are detected in either. In total, PAH features are detected toward at most 1 out of 63 (candidate) embedded protostars (2%), even lower than observed for class II T Tauri stars with disks (11–14%). Models predict the 7.7 μm feature as the best tracer of PAH emission, while the 3.3 μm feature is relatively weak. Assuming typical class I stellar and envelope parameters, the absence of PAH emission is most likely explained by the absence of emitting carriers through a PAH abundance at least an order of magnitude lower than in molecular clouds but similar to that found in disks. Thus, most PAHs likely enter the protoplanetary disks frozen out in icy layers on dust grains and/or in coagulated form.