Issue |
A&A
Volume 536, December 2011
Planck early results
|
|
---|---|---|
Article Number | A2 | |
Number of page(s) | 31 | |
Section | Astronomical instrumentation | |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201116486 | |
Published online | 01 December 2011 |
Planck early results. II. The thermal performance of Planck⋆
1
Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory, Metsähovintie 114, 02540 Kylmälä, Finland
2
Agenzia Spaziale Italiana Science Data Center, c/o ESRIN, via Galileo Galilei, Frascati, Italy
3
Astroparticule et Cosmologie, CNRS (UMR 7164), Université Denis Diderot Paris 7, Bâtiment Condorcet, 10 rue A. Domon et Léonie Duquet, Paris, France
4
Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
5
Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array, ALMA Santiago Central Offices, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura, Casilla 763 0355, Santiago, Chile
6
CITA, University of Toronto, 60 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada
7
CNES, 18 avenue Édouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
8
CNRS, IRAP, 9 Av. Colonel Roche, BP 44346, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
9
CaliforniaInstitute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
10 Centre of Mathematics for Applications, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
11
DAMTP, University of Cambridge, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, UK
12
DSM/Irfu/SPP, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
13
DTU Space, National Space Institute, Juliane Mariesvej 30, Copenhagen, Denmark
14
Departamento de Física, Universidad de Oviedo, Avda. Calvo Sotelo s/n, Oviedo, Spain
15
Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 50 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
16
Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
17
Department of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
18
Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
19
Department of Physics, Purdue University, 525 Northwestern Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
20
Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
21
Department of Physics, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, USA
22
Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
23
Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois, USA
24
Dipartimento di Fisica G. Galilei, Università degli Studi di Padova, via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
25
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università La Sapienza, P. le A. Moro 2, Roma, Italy
26
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria, 16, Milano, Italy
27
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Trieste, via A. Valerio 2, Trieste, Italy
28
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Ferrara, via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
29
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, Roma, Italy
30
Discovery Center, Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, Copenhagen, Denmark
31
Dpto. Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
32
European Southern Observatory, ESO Vitacura, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura, Casilla 19001, Santiago, Chile
33
European Space Agency, ESAC, Planck Science Office, Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
34
European Space Agency, ESOC, Robert-Bosch-Str. 5, Darmstadt, Germany
35
European Space Agency, ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands
36
Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
37
INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, Padova, Italy
38
INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, via di Frascati 33, Monte Porzio Catone, Italy
39
INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, via G.B. Tiepolo 11, Trieste, Italy
40
INAF/IASF Bologna, via Gobetti 101, Bologna, Italy
41
INAF/IASF Milano, via E. Bassini 15, Milano, Italy
42
INRIA, Laboratoire de Recherche en Informatique, Université Paris-Sud 11, Bâtiment 490, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
43
INSU, Institut des sciences de l’univers, CNRS, 3 rue Michel-Ange, 75794 Paris Cedex 16, France
44
IPAG: Institut de Planétologie et d’Astrophysique de Grenoble, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble 1/CNRS-INSU, UMR 5274, 38041 Grenoble, France
45
ISDC Data Centre for Astrophysics, University of Geneva, Ch. d’Écogia 16, Versoix, Switzerland
46
Imperial College London, Astrophysics group, Blackett Laboratory, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
47
Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
48
Institut Néel, CNRS, Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble I, 25 rue des Martyrs, Grenoble, France
49
Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS (UMR8617) Université Paris-Sud 11, Bâtiment 121, Orsay, France
50
Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS UMR7095, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, 98bis boulevard Arago, Paris, France
51
Institut de Ciències de l’Espai, CSIC/IEEC, Facultat de Ciències, Campus UAB, Torre C5 par-2, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
52
Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
53
Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK
54 Institute of TheoreticalAstrophysics, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
55
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, C/Vía Láctea s/n, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
56
Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avda. de los Castros s/n, Santander, Spain
57
Istituto di Fisica del Plasma, CNR-ENEA-EURATOM Association, via R. Cozzi 53, Milano, Italy
58
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
59
Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Alan Turing Building, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
60
Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0HA, UK
61
LERMA, CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, 61 avenue de l’Observatoire, Paris, France
62
Laboratoire AIM, IRFU/Service d’Astrophysique – CEA/DSM – CNRS – Université Paris Diderot, Bât. 709, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
63
Laboratoire Traitement et Communication de l’Information, CNRS (UMR 5141) and Télécom ParisTech, 46 rue Barrault, 75634 Paris Cedex 13, France
64
Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble I, Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble, 53 rue des Martyrs, 38026 Grenoble Cedex, France
65
Laboratoire de l’Accélérateur Linéaire, Université Paris-Sud 11, CNRS/IN2P3, Orsay, France
66
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
67
Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1, 85741 Garching, Germany
68
MilliLab, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tietotie 3, Espoo, Finland
69
National University of Ireland, Department of Experimental Physics, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
70
Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, Copenhagen, Denmark
71
Observational Cosmology, Mail Stop 367-17, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
72
Optical Science Laboratory, University College London, Gower Street, London, UK
73
Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, UK
74
SISSA, Astrophysics Sector, via Bonomea 265, 34136, Trieste, Italy
75
SUPA, Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK
76
School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Queens Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UK
77
Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
78
Stanford University, Dept of Physics, Varian Physics Bldg, 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, California, USA
79
Thales Alenia Space France, 100 boulevard du Midi, Cannes la Bocca, France
80
Universität Heidelberg, Institut für Theoretische Astrophysik, Albert-Überle-Str. 2, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
81
Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
82
University of Granada, Departamento de Física Teórica y del Cosmos, Facultad de Ciencias, Granada, Spain
83
University of Miami, Knight Physics Building, 1320 Campo Sano Dr., Coral Gables, Florida, USA
84
Warsaw University Observatory, Aleje Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa, Poland
Received: 10 January 2011
Accepted: 10 August 2011
The performance of the Planck instruments in space is enabled by their low operating temperatures, 20 K for LFI and 0.1 K for HFI, achieved through a combination of passive radiative cooling and three active mechanical coolers. The scientific requirement for very broad frequency coverage led to two detector technologies with widely different temperature and cooling needs. Active coolers could satisfy these needs; a helium cryostat, as used by previous cryogenic space missions (IRAS, COBE, ISO, Spitzer, AKARI), could not. Radiative cooling is provided by three V-groove radiators and a large telescope baffle. The active coolers are a hydrogen sorption cooler (<20 K), a 4He Joule-Thomson cooler (4.7 K), and a 3He-4He dilution cooler (1.4 K and 0.1 K). The flight system was at ambient temperature at launch and cooled in space to operating conditions. The HFI bolometer plate reached 93 mK on 3 July 2009, 50 days after launch. The solar panel always faces the Sun, shadowing the rest of Planck, andoperates at a mean temperature of 384 K. At the other end of the spacecraft, the telescope baffle operates at 42.3 K and the telescope primary mirror operates at 35.9 K. The temperatures of key parts of the instruments are stabilized by both active and passive methods. Temperature fluctuations are driven by changes in the distance from the Sun, sorption cooler cycling and fluctuations in gas-liquid flow, and fluctuations in cosmic ray flux on the dilution and bolometer plates. These fluctuations do not compromise the science data.
Key words: cosmic background radiation / space vehicles: instruments / instrumentation: detectors
© ESO, 2011
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