Planck early results. XIV. ERCSC validation and extreme radio sources^⋆

¹ Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory, Metsähovintie 114, 02540 Kylmälä, Finland
² Agenzia Spaziale Italiana Science Data Center, c/o ESRIN, via Galileo Galilei, Frascati, Italy
³ Astroparticule et Cosmologie, CNRS (UMR7164), Université Denis Diderot Paris 7, Bâtiment Condorcet, 10 rue A. Domon et Léonie Duquet, Paris, France
⁴ Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
⁵ Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array, ALMA Santiago Central Offices, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura, Casilla 763 0355, Santiago, Chile
⁶ Australia Telescope National Facility, CSIRO, PO Box 76, Epping, NSW 1710, Australia
⁷ CITA, University of Toronto, 60 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada
⁸ CNRS, IRAP, 9 Av. colonel Roche, BP 44346, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
⁹ California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
¹⁰ DAMTP, University of Cambridge, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, UK
¹¹ DSM/Irfu/SPP, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
¹² DTU Space, National Space Institute, Juliane Mariesvej 30, Copenhagen, Denmark
¹³ Departamento de Física, Universidad de Oviedo, Avda. Calvo Sotelo s/n, Oviedo, Spain
¹⁴ Department of Astronomy andAstrophysics, University of Toronto, 50 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
¹⁵ Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
¹⁶ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
¹⁷ Department of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
¹⁸ Department of Physics, Purdue University, 525 Northwestern Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
¹⁹ Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
²⁰ Department of Physics, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, USA
²¹ Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
²² Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois, USA
²³ Dipartimento di Fisica G. Galilei, Università degli Studi di Padova, via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
²⁴ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 2, Roma, Italy
²⁵ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, Milano, Italy
²⁶ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Via A. Valerio 2, Trieste, Italy
²⁷ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
²⁸ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Roma, Italy
²⁹ Discovery Center, Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, Copenhagen, Denmark
³⁰ Dpto. Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
³¹ European Southern Observatory, ESO Vitacura, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura, Casilla 19001, Santiago, Chile
³² European Space Agency, ESAC, Planck Science Office, Camino bajo del Castillo s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
³³ European Space Agency, ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands
³⁴ Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO (FINCA), University of Turku, Väisäläntie 20, 21500, Piikkiö, Finland
³⁵ Haverford College Astronomy Department, 370 Lancaster Avenue, Haverford, Pennsylvania, USA
³⁶ Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
³⁷ INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, Catania, Italy
³⁸ INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, Padova, Italy
³⁹ INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via di Frascati 33, Monte Porzio Catone, Italy
⁴⁰ INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G.B. Tiepolo 11, Trieste, Italy
⁴¹ INAF/IASF Bologna, via Gobetti 101, Bologna, Italy
⁴² INAF/IASF Milano, via E. Bassini 15, Milano, Italy
⁴³ INRIA, Laboratoire de Recherche en Informatique, Université Paris-Sud 11, Bâtiment 490, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
⁴⁴ IPAG (Institut de Planétologie et d’Astrophysique de Grenoble), Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble 1/CNRS-INSU, UMR 5274, Grenoble, 38041, France
⁴⁵ ISDC Data Centre for Astrophysics, University of Geneva, ch. d’Ecogia 16, Versoix, Switzerland
⁴⁶ Imperial College London, Astrophysics group, Blackett Laboratory, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
⁴⁷ Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
⁴⁸ Institut Néel, CNRS, Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble I, 25 rue des Martyrs, Grenoble, France
⁴⁹ Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS (UMR8617) Université Paris-Sud 11, Bâtiment 121, Orsay, France
⁵⁰ Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS UMR7095, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, 98bis boulevard Arago, Paris, France
⁵¹ Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), Avenida Divina Pastora 7, Local 20, 18012 Granada, Spain
⁵² Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
⁵³ Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK
⁵⁴ Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
⁵⁵ Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, C/Vía Láctea s/n, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
⁵⁶ Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avda. de los Castros s/n, Santander, Spain
⁵⁷ Istituto di Fisica del Plasma, CNR-ENEA-EURATOM Association, via R. Cozzi 53, Milano, Italy
⁵⁸ Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
⁵⁹ JodrellBank Centre for Astrophysics, Alan Turing Building, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
⁶⁰ Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK
⁶¹ LERMA, CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, 61 avenue de l’Observatoire, Paris, France
⁶² Laboratoire AIM, IRFU/Service d’Astrophysique – CEA/DSM – CNRS – Université Paris Diderot, Bât. 709, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
⁶³ Laboratoire Traitement et Communication de l’Information, CNRS (UMR 5141) and Télécom ParisTech, 46 Rue Barrault, 75634 Paris Cedex 13, France
⁶⁴ Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble I, Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble, 53 rue des Martyrs, 38026 Grenoble Cedex, France
⁶⁵ Laboratoire de l’Accélérateur Linéaire, Université Paris-Sud 11, CNRS/IN2P3, Orsay, France
⁶⁶ Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
⁶⁷ Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1, 85741 Garching, Germany
⁶⁸ Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, 53121 Bonn, Germany
⁶⁹ MilliLab, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tietotie 3, Espoo, Finland
⁷⁰ National University of Ireland, Department of Experimental Physics, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
⁷¹ Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, Copenhagen, Denmark
⁷² Observational Cosmology, Mail Stop 367-17, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
⁷³ SISSA, Astrophysics Sector, via Bonomea 265, 34136, Trieste, Italy
⁷⁴ SUPA, Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK
⁷⁵ School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Queens Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK
⁷⁶ Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
⁷⁷ Special Astrophysical Observatory, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhnij Arkhyz, Zelenchukskiy region, Karachai-Cherkessian Republic, 369167, Russia
⁷⁸ Stanford University, Dept of Physics, Varian Physics Bldg, 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, California, USA
⁷⁹ Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
⁸⁰ Universities Space Research Association, Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy, MS 211-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
⁸¹ University of Granada, Departamento de Física Teórica y del Cosmos, Facultad de Ciencias, Granada, Spain
⁸² University of Miami, Knight Physics Building, 1320 Campo Sano Dr., Coral Gables, Florida, USA
⁸³ Warsaw University Observatory, Aleje Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa, Poland

Received: 8 January 2011
Accepted: 18 May 2011

Abstract

Planck’s all-sky surveys at 30−857 GHz provide an unprecedented opportunity to follow the radio spectra of a large sample of extragalactic sources to frequencies 2−20 times higher than allowed by past, large-area, ground-based surveys. We combine the results of the Planck Early Release Compact Source Catalog (ERCSC) with quasi-simultaneous ground-based observations as well as archival data at frequencies below or overlapping Planck frequency bands, to validate the astrometry and photometry of the ERCSC radio sources and study the spectral features shown in this new frequency window opened by Planck. The ERCSC source positions and flux density scales are found to be consistent with the ground-based observations. We present and discuss the spectral energy distributions of a sample of “extreme” radio sources, to illustrate the richness of the ERCSC for the study of extragalactic radio sources. Variability is found to play a role in the unusual spectral features of some of these sources.