The 3-D ionization structure and evolution of NGC 7009 (Saturn Nebula)

F. Sabbadin; M. Turatto; E. Cappellaro; S. Benetti; R. Ragazzoni

doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20031729

Free Access

Issue		A&A Volume 416, Number 3, March IV 2004


Page(s)		955 - 981
Section		Interstellar and circumstellar matter
DOI		https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20031729
Published online		09 March 2004

Acker, A., Ochsenbein, F., Stenholm, B., et al. 1992, Strasbourg-ESO Catalogue of Galactic Planetary Nebulae, ESO, Garching [Google Scholar]
Alexander, J., & Balick, B. 1997, AJ, 114, 713 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Aller, L. H. 1984, Physics of Gaseous Nebulae (Dordrecht: Reidel) [Google Scholar]
Aller, L. H., & Czyzak, S. J. 1983, ApJS, 51, 211 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Baker, J. G., & Menzel, D. H. 1938, ApJ, 88, 52 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Balick, B., Alexander, J., Hajian, A., et al. 1998, AJ, 116, 360 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Balick, B., & Frank, A. 2002, ARA&A, 40, 439 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Balick, B., Perinotto, M., Maccioni, A., et al. 1994, ApJ, 424, 800 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Balick, B., Rugers, M., Terzian, Y., & Chengalur, J. N. 1993, ApJ, 411, 778 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Barker, T. 1986, ApJ, 308, 314 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Benetti, S., Cappellaro, E., Ragazzoni, R., et al. 2003, A&A, 400, 161 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
Bentley, A. F. 1989, in Planetary Nebulae, ed. S. Torres-Peimbert, IAU Symp., 131, 312 [NASA ADS] [Google Scholar]
Bianchi, L. 1992, A&A, 260, 314 [NASA ADS] [Google Scholar]
Bianchi, L., Grewing, M., Barndtedt, J., & Diesch, C. 1989, in Planetary Nebulae, ed. S. Torres-Peimbert, IAU Symp., 131, 182 [NASA ADS] [Google Scholar]
Blackman, E. G., Frank, A., & Welch, C. 2001, ApJ, 546, 288 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Blöcker, T. 1995, ApJ, 371, 217 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Blöcker, T., & Schönberner, D. 1990, A&A, 240, L11 [NASA ADS] [Google Scholar]
Bobrowski, M., & Zipoy, D. M. 1989, ApJ, 347, 307 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Bohigas, J., Lopez, J. A., & Aguilar, L. 1994, A&A, 291, 595 [NASA ADS] [Google Scholar]
Bombeck, G., Köppen, J., & Bastian, U. 1986, in New Insights in Astrophysics (ESA SP-263), 287 [Google Scholar]
Breitschwerdt, D., & Kahn, F. D. 1990, MNRAS, 244, 521 [NASA ADS] [Google Scholar]
Brocklehurst, M. 1971, MNRAS, 153, 471 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Cantó, J., Tenorio-Tagle, G., & Rozyczka, M. 1988, A&A, 192, 287 [NASA ADS] [Google Scholar]
Capriotti, E. R. 1973, ApJ, 179, 495 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Capriotti, E. R. 1998, RMxAC, 7, 173 [Google Scholar]
Casassus, S., Roche, P. F., & Barlow, M. J. 2000, MNRAS, 314, 657 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Casassus, S., Roche, P. F., Barlow, M. J., & Binette, L. 2002, RMxAC, 12, 132 [NASA ADS] [Google Scholar]
Cerruti-Sola, M., & Perinotto, M. 1985, ApJ, 291, 247 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Cerruti-Sola, M., & Perinotto, M. 1989, ApJ, 345, 339 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Chevalier, R. A. 1997, ApJ, 488, 263 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Chu, Y.-H., Guerrero, M. A., Gruendl, R. A., et al. 2001, ApJ, 553, L69 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Ciardullo, R. B., Bond, H. E., Sipior, M. S., et al. 1999, AJ, 118, 480 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Copetti, M. V. F. 1990, PASP, 102, 77 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Corradi, R. L. M., Gonçalves, D. R., Villaver, E., et al. 2000, A&A, 542, 861 [Google Scholar]
Corradi, R. L. M., Schönberner, D., Steffen, M., & Perinotto, M. 2000, A&A, 345, 1071 [NASA ADS] [Google Scholar]
Corradi, R. L. M., & Schwarz, H. E. 1995, A&A, 293, 871 [NASA ADS] [Google Scholar]
Cristiani, S., Sabbadin, F., & Ortolani, S. 1989, in Planetary Nebulae, ed. S. Torres-Peimbert, IAU Symp., 131, 191 [NASA ADS] [Google Scholar]
Dopita, M. 1997, ApJ, 485, 41 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Dwarkadas, V. V., & Balick, B. 1998, ApJ, 497, 267 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Ferland, G. J., Korista, K. T., Verner, D. A., et al. 1998, PASP, 110, 761 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Franco, J., Tenorio-Tagle, G., & Bodenheimer, P. 1990, ApJ, 349, 126 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Frank, A. 1999, NewAR, 43, 31 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Frank, A., Balick, B., & Livio, M. 1996, ApJ, 471, L53 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Frank, A., Balick, B., & Riley, J. 1990, AJ, 100, 1903 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Garcia-Segura, G., & Franco, J. 1996, ApJ, 469, 171 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Garcia-Segura, G., Langer, N., Rozyczka, M., & Franco, J. 1999, ApJ, 517, 767 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Gardiner, T. A., & Frank, A. 2001, ApJ, 557, 250 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Gathier, R., & Pottasch, S. R. 1988, A&A, 197, 266 [NASA ADS] [Google Scholar]
Gathier, R., Pottasch, S. R., & Pel, J. W. 1986, A&A, 157, 171 [NASA ADS] [Google Scholar]
Gieseking, F., Becker, I., & Solf, J. 1985, ApJ, 295, L17 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Gonçalves, D. R., Corradi, R. L. M., & Mampaso, A. 2001, ApJ, 547, 302 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Gonçalves, D. R., Corradi, R. L. M., Mampaso, A., & Perinotto, M. 2003, ApJ, 597, 975 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Gorny, S. K., Schwarz, H. E., Corradi, R. L. M., & Van Winckel, H. 1999, A&AS, 136, 145 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
Gorny, S. K., Stasinska, G., & Tylenda, R. 1997, A&A, 318, 256 [NASA ADS] [Google Scholar]
Greig, W. E. 1972, A&A, 18, 70 [NASA ADS] [Google Scholar]
Gruenwald, R., & Viegas, S. M. 1998, ApJ, 501, 221 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Guerrero, M. A., Gruendl, R. A., & Chu, Y.-H. 2002, A&A, 387, L1 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
Hummer, D. G., & Storey, P. J. 1987, MNRAS, 224, 801 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Hutsemekers, D., & Surdej, J. 1988, A&A, 219, 237 [NASA ADS] [Google Scholar]
Hyung, S., & Aller, L. H. 1995a, MNRAS, 273, 958 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Hyung, S., & Aller, L. H. 1995b, MNRAS, 273, 973 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Iben, I. Jr. 1984, ApJ, 277, 333 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Icke, V., Balick, B., & Frank, A. 1992, A&A, 253, 224 [NASA ADS] [Google Scholar]
Kahn, F. D., & Breitschwerdt, D. 1990, MNRAS, 242, 505 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Kastner, J. H., Soker, N., Vrtilek, S. D., & Dgani, R. 2000, ApJ, 545, L57 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Kastner, J. H., Vrtilek, S. D., & Soker, N. 2001, ApJ, 550, L189 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Keenan, F. P., McKenna, F. C., Bell, K. L., et al. 1997, ApJ, 487, 457 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Kingsburgh, R. L., & Barlow, M. J. 1992, MNRAS, 257, 317 [NASA ADS] [Google Scholar]
Kwitter, K. B., & Henry, R. B. C. 1998, ApJ, 493, 247 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Lame, N. J., & Pogge, R. W. 1996, AJ, 111, 2320 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Liller, W. 1965, PASP, 77, 25 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Liller, M. H., Welther, B. L., & Liller, W. 1966, ApJ, 144, 280 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Liu, X.-W., & Danziger, I. J. 1993, MNRAS, 261, 465 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Liu, X.-W., Storey, P. J., Barlow, M. J., & Clegg, R. E. S. 1995, MNRAS, 272, 369 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Luo, S.-G., Liu, X.-W., & Barlow, M. J. 2001, MNRAS, 326, 1049 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Lutz, J. H. 1973, ApJ, 181, 135 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Manchado, A., Guerrero, M. A., Stanghellini, L., & Serra-Ricart, M. 1996, The IAC Morphological Catalog of Northern Planetary Nebulae, IAC [Google Scholar]
Maness, H. L., & Vrtilek, S. D. 2003, PASP, 115, 1002 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Marigo, P., Girardi, L., Groenewegen, M. A. T., & Weiss, A. 2001, A&A, 378, 958 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
Marten, H., & Schönberner, D. 1991, A&A, 248, 590 [NASA ADS] [Google Scholar]
Mathis, J. S., Torres-Peimbert, S., & Peimbert, M. 1998, ApJ, 495, 328 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Meaburn, J., & Walsh, J. R. 1980, MNRAS, 193, 631 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Meatheringham, S. J., Wood, P. R., & Faulkner, D. J. 1988, ApJ, 334, 862 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Mellema, G. 1994, A&A, 290, 915 [NASA ADS] [Google Scholar]
Mellema, G. 1995, MNRAS, 277, 173 [NASA ADS] [Google Scholar]
Mellema, G. 1997, A&A, 321, L29 [NASA ADS] [Google Scholar]
Mendez, R. H., Kudritzki, R. P., Herrero, A., et al. 1988, A&A, 190, 13 [NASA ADS] [Google Scholar]
Mendez, R. H., Kudritzki, R. P., & Herrero, A. 1992, A&A, 260, 329 [NASA ADS] [Google Scholar]
Moreno-Corral, M., de La Fuente, E., & Gutierrez, F. 1998, RMxAA, 34, 117 [NASA ADS] [Google Scholar]
Napiwotzki, R. 1999, AJ, 118, 488 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Napiwotzki, R. 2001, A&A, 367, 973 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
O'Dell, C. R. 1962, ApJ, 135, 371 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
O'Dell, C. R., & Ball, M. E. 1985, ApJ, 289, 526 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
O'Dell, C. R., Weiner, L. D., & Chu, Y.-H. 1990, ApJ, 362, 226 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Oliva, E., Pasquali, A., & Reconditi, M. 1996, A&A, 305, L21 [NASA ADS] [Google Scholar]
Osterbrock, D. E. 1989, Astrophysics of Gaseous Nebulae and Active Galactic Nuclei, Mill Valley, CA Univ. Sci. [Google Scholar]
Palen, S., Balick, B., Hajian, A. R., et al. 2002, AJ, 123, 2666 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Patriarchi, P., Cerruti-Sola, M., & Perinotto, M. 1989, ApJ, 345, 327 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Perinotto, M., & Benvenuti, P. 1981, A&A, 101, 88 [NASA ADS] [Google Scholar]
Perinotto, M., Kifonidis, K., Schönberner, D., & Marten, H. 1998, A&A, 332, 1044 [NASA ADS] [Google Scholar]
Phillips, J. P., & Cuesta, L. 1999, AJ, 118, 2929 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Pottasch, S. R. 1984, Planetary Nebulae, a Study of Late Stages of Stellar Evolution (Dordrecht: Reidel) [Google Scholar]
Pottasch, S. R. 1996, A&A, 307, 561 [NASA ADS] [Google Scholar]
Pottasch, S. R., & Acker, A. 1998, A&A, 329, L5 [NASA ADS] [Google Scholar]
Pottasch, S. R., Beintema, D. A., Bernard Salas, T., et al. 2002, A&A, 393, 285 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
Ragazzoni, R., Cappellaro, E., Benetti, S., et al. 2001, A&A, 369, 1088 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
Reay, N. K., & Atherton, P. D. 1985, MNRAS, 215, 233 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Reay, N. K., Atherton, P. D., & Taylor, K. 1983, MNRAS, 203, 1079 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Reed, D. S., Balick, B., Hajian, A. R., et al. 1999, AJ, 118, 2430 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Rubin, R. H., Bhatt, N. J., Dufour, R. J., et al. 2002, MNRAS, 334, 777 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Sabbadin, F., Benetti, S., Cappellaro, E., & Turatto, M. 2000b, A&A, 361, 1112 [NASA ADS] [Google Scholar]
Sabbadin, F., Bianchini, A., Ortolani, S., & Strafella, F. 1985, MNRAS, 217, 539 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Sabbadin, F., Cappellaro, E., Benetti, S., et al. 2000a, A&A, 355, 688 [NASA ADS] [Google Scholar]
Sabbadin, F., Cappellaro, E., & Turatto, M. 1987, A&A, 182, 305 [NASA ADS] [Google Scholar]
Sahai, R., & Trauger, J. T. 1998, AJ, 116, 1357 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Saurer, W. 1995, A&A, 297, 261 [NASA ADS] [Google Scholar]
Schönberner, D. 1981, A&A, 103, 119 [NASA ADS] [Google Scholar]
Schönberner, D. 1983, ApJ, 272, 708 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Schönberner, D., Steffen, M., & Szczerba, R. 1997, Ap&SS, 255, 459 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Schwarz, H. E., Corradi, R. L. M., & Melnick, J. 1992, A&AS, 96, 23 [NASA ADS] [Google Scholar]
Seaton, M. J. 1979, MNRAS, 187, 73P [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Shields, G. A., Aller, L. H., Keyes, C. D., & Czyzak, S. J. 1981, ApJ, 248, 569 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Shu, F. H., Lizano, S., Galli, D., et al. 2002, ApJ, 580, 969 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Soker, N., & Kastner, J. H. 2003, ApJ, 583, 368 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Soker, N., & Rappaport, S. 2000, ApJ, 538, 241 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Soker, N., & Rappaport, S. 2001, ApJ, 557, 256 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Spitzer, L. Jr. 1978, Physical Processes in the Interstellar Medium (New York: John Wiley & Sons) [Google Scholar]
Stanghellini, L., Corradi, R. L. M., & Schwarz, H. E. 1993, A&A, 276, 463 [NASA ADS] [Google Scholar]
Tenorio-Tagle, G. 1979, A&A, 71, 59 [NASA ADS] [Google Scholar]
Tinkler, C. M., & Lamers, H. J. G. L. M. 2002, A&A, 384, 987 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
Turatto, M., Cappellaro, E., Ragazzoni, R., et al. 2002, A&A, 384, 1062 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
Tylenda, R. 1986, A&A, 156, 217 [NASA ADS] [Google Scholar]
Tylenda, R., Acker, A., Raytchev, B., et al. 1991, A&AS, 89, 77 [NASA ADS] [Google Scholar]
Tylenda, R., Acker, A., Stenholm, B., & Köppen, J. 1992, A&AS, 95, 337 [NASA ADS] [Google Scholar]
Tylenda, R., Stasinska, G., Acker, A., & Stenholm, B. 1994, A&AS, 106, 559 [NASA ADS] [Google Scholar]
Vassiliadis, E., & Wood, P. R. 1994, ApJS, 92, 125 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Villaver, E., Manchado, A., & Garcia-Segura, G. 2002, ApJ, 581, 1204 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Weedman, D. W. 1968, ApJ, 153, 49 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Williams, R. E. 1973, MNRAS, 164, 111 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Wilson, O. C. 1950, ApJ, 111, 279 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Wood, P. R., & Faulkner, D. J. 1986, ApJ, 307, 659 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.

Data correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.

Initial download of the metrics may take a while.