Evidence of dynamical dark energy found via the DESI DR2 Lymanα forest

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Table A.1.

Numerical values of cosmological parameters at 68% confidence level for different dataset combinations.

Parameter	Dataset	ΛCDM	oΛCDM	wCDM	owCDM	CPL
	Lyα + CMB + Galaxy BAO	0.02234 ± 0.00012	0.02221 ± 0.00014	0.02229 ± 0.00012	0.02219 ± 0.00014	0.02222 ± 0.00013
Ω_bh²	Lyα + CMB + Pantheon⁺	0.02217 ± 0.00013	0.02221 ± 0.00013	0.02218 ± 0.00013	0.02222 ± 0.00014	0.02220 ± 0.00013
	Lyα + CMB + DES-Dovekie	0.02216 ± 0.00013	0.02221 ± 0.00013	0.02218 ± 0.00013	0.02222 ± 0.00013	0.02220 ± 0.00013
	Lyα + CMB + Union3	0.02217 ± 0.00013	0.02221 ± 0.00013	0.02218 ± 0.00013	0.02221 ± 0.00014	0.02220 ± 0.00013

	Lyα + CMB + Galaxy BAO	0.11762 ± 0.00063	0.1194 ± 0.0011	0.11826 ± 0.00078	0.1196 ± 0.0011	0.11940 ± 0.00084
Ω_ch²	Lyα + CMB + Pantheon⁺	0.11996 ± 0.00098	0.1195 ± 0.0011	0.11977 ± 0.00097	0.1194 ± 0.0012	0.1196 ± 0.0010
	Lyα + CMB + DES-Dovekie	0.12005 ± 0.00095	0.1195 ± 0.0011	0.1198 ± 0.0010	0.1194 ± 0.0012	0.1195 ± 0.0010
	Lyα + CMB + Union3	0.1200 ± 0.0010	0.1195 ± 0.0012	0.1198 ± 0.0010	$0 . 1194_{- 0.0011}^{+ 0.0012}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 0.1194_{-0.0011}^{+0.0012} $$	0.1195 ± 0.0010

	Lyα + CMB + Galaxy BAO	1.04102 ± 0.00024	1.04078 ± 0.00026	1.04096 ± 0.00024	1.04079 ± 0.00025	1.04081 ± 0.00024
100 θ_MC	Lyα + CMB + Pantheon⁺	1.04074 ± 0.00024	1.04079 ± 0.00026	1.04076 ± 0.00025	1.04079 ± 0.00027	1.04079 ± 0.00025
	Lyα + CMB + DES-Dovekie	1.04073 ± 0.00025	1.04079 ± 0.00026	1.04077 ± 0.00024	1.04080 ± 0.00025	1.04079 ± 0.00025
	Lyα + CMB + Union3	1.04074 ± 0.00025	1.04080 ± 0.00026	1.04077 ± 0.00025	1.04079 ± 0.00026	1.04080 ± 0.00025

	Lyα + CMB + Galaxy BAO	0.0590 ± 0.0073	0.0555 ± 0.0070	0.0565 ± 0.0069	0.0549 ± 0.0072	0.0508 ± 0.0069
τ	Lyα + CMB + Pantheon⁺	0.0515 ± 0.0069	0.0513 ± 0.0072	0.0526 ± 0.0071	0.0518 ± 0.0075	0.0519 ± 0.0071
	Lyα + CMB + DES-Dovekie	0.0511 ± 0.0071	0.0507 ± 0.0072	0.0529 ± 0.0073	$0 . 0514_{- 0.0074}^{+ 0.0066}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 0.0514_{-0.0074}^{+0.0066} $$	0.0512 ± 0.0072
	Lyα + CMB + Union3	0.0513 ± 0.0071	0.0504 ± 0.0071	0.0530 ± 0.0073	0.0519 ± 0.0073	0.0512 ± 0.0071

	Lyα + CMB + Galaxy BAO	3.048 ± 0.014	3.044 ± 0.014	3.043 ± 0.014	3.042 ± 0.014	3.033 ± 0.014
ln(10¹⁰A_s)	Lyα + CMB + Pantheon⁺	3.036 ± 0.013	3.034 ± 0.014	3.038 ± 0.014	3.035 ± 0.015	3.036 ± 0.014
	Lyα + CMB + DES-Dovekie	3.035 ± 0.014	3.033 ± 0.015	3.038 ± 0.014	$3 . 034_{- 0.015}^{+ 0.013}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 3.034_{-0.015}^{+0.013} $$	3.034 ± 0.014
	Lyα + CMB + Union3	3.036 ± 0.014	3.032 ± 0.014	3.039 ± 0.014	3.036 ± 0.015	3.034 ± 0.014

	Lyα + CMB + Galaxy BAO	$0 . 9688_{- 0.0031}^{+ 0.0036}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 0.9688^{+0.0036}_{-0.0031} $$	0.9645 ± 0.0040	0.9673 ± 0.0035	0.9641 ± 0.0039	0.9645 ± 0.0037
n_s	Lyα + CMB + Pantheon⁺	0.9628 ± 0.0038	0.9642 ± 0.0040	0.9636 ± 0.0038	0.9645 ± 0.0041	0.9640 ± 0.0041
	Lyα + CMB + DES-Dovekie	0.9627 ± 0.0039	0.9641 ± 0.0041	0.9636 ± 0.0039	0.9646 ± 0.0041	0.9641 ± 0.0039
	Lyα + CMB + Union3	0.9630 ± 0.0039	0.9644 ± 0.0042	0.9634 ± 0.0040	0.9645 ± 0.0041	0.9644 ± 0.0040

	Lyα + CMB + Galaxy BAO	68.19 ± 0.29	68.48 ± 0.33	69.30 ± 0.90	69.09 ± 0.92	$63 . 8_{- 2.0}^{+ 1.7}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 63.8^{+1.7}_{-2.0} $$
H₀	Lyα + CMB + Pantheon⁺	67.13 ± 0.43	66.4 ± 1.1	$66 . 58_{- 0.82}^{+ 0.73}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 66.58^{+0.73}_{-0.82} $$	66.1 ± 1.1	67.4 ± 1.1
	Lyα + CMB + DES-Dovekie	67.09 ± 0.43	66.32 ± 0.98	66.52 ± 0.71	66.1 ± 1.0	67.53 ± 0.88
	Lyα + CMB + Union3	67.12 ± 0.44	66.2 ± 1.1	65.5 ± 1.2	64.8 ± 1.4	66.3 ± 1.2

	Lyα + CMB + Galaxy BAO	0.3027 ± 0.0035	0.3034 ± 0.0036	0.2927 ± 0.0072	0.2985 ± 0.0080	0.353 ± 0.021
Ω_m	Lyα + CMB + Pantheon⁺	0.3169 ± 0.0060	$0 . 3230_{- 0.011}^{+ 0.0096}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 0.3230_{-0.011}^{+0.0096} $$	0.3218 ± 0.0083	0.326 ± 0.011	0.314 ± 0.011
	Lyα + CMB + DES-Dovekie	0.3175 ± 0.0059	0.3239 ± 0.0094	$0 . 3223_{- 0.0081}^{+ 0.0072}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 0.3223^{+0.0072}_{-0.0081} $$	0.3262 ± 0.0099	$0 . 3124_{- 0.0094}^{+ 0.0084}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 0.3124^{+0.0084}_{-0.0094} $$
	Lyα + CMB + Union3	0.3171 ± 0.0061	0.325 ± 0.011	0.333 ± 0.013	0.339 ± 0.015	$0 . 324_{- 0.013}^{+ 0.012}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 0.324^{+0.012}_{-0.013} $$

	Lyα + CMB + Galaxy BAO	—	2.2 ± 1.1	—	2.0 ± 1.2	—
10³Ω_k	Lyα + CMB + Pantheon⁺	—	$- 2 . 1_{- 2.4}^{+ 2.8}$ $Mathematical equation: $ -2.1_{-2.4}^{+2.8} $$	—	−1.8 ± 2.8	—
	Lyα + CMB + DES-Dovekie	—	$- 2 . 2_{- 2.4}^{+ 2.6}$ $Mathematical equation: $ -2.2_{-2.4}^{+2.6} $$	—	−1.9 ± 2.8	—
	Lyα + CMB + Union3	—	$- 2 . 7_{- 2.6}^{+ 2.9}$ $Mathematical equation: $ -2.7_{-2.6}^{+2.9} $$	—	$- 2 . 4_{- 2.7}^{+ 3.0}$ $Mathematical equation: $ -2.4_{-2.7}^{+3.0} $$	—

	Lyα + CMB + Galaxy BAO	—	—	−1.046 ± 0.036	−1.026 ± 0.038	−0.42 ± 0.21
w or w₀	Lyα + CMB + Pantheon⁺	—	—	−0.979 ± 0.027	−0.982 ± 0.029	−0.874 ± 0.076
	Lyα + CMB + DES-Dovekie	—	—	−0.977 ± 0.024	−0.984 ± 0.026	−0.826 ± 0.093
	Lyα + CMB + Union3	—	—	−0.942 ± 0.039	−0.946 ± 0.039	$- 0 . 70_{- 0.14}^{+ 0.12}$ $Mathematical equation: $ -0.70^{+0.12}_{-0.14} $$

	Lyα + CMB + Galaxy BAO	—	—	—	—	−1.72 ± 0.58
w_a	Lyα + CMB + Pantheon⁺	—	—	—	—	$- 0 . 53_{- 0.33}^{+ 0.42}$ $Mathematical equation: $ -0.53^{+0.42}_{-0.33} $$
	Lyα + CMB + DES-Dovekie	—	—	—	—	$- 0 . 71_{- 0.39}^{+ 0.47}$ $Mathematical equation: $ -0.71^{+0.47}_{-0.39} $$
	Lyα + CMB + Union3	—	—	—	—	$- 1 . 06_{- 0.44}^{+ 0.58}$ $Mathematical equation: $ -1.06^{+0.58}_{-0.44} $$

	Lyα + CMB + Galaxy BAO	—	-4.82	-1.57	-4.40	-12.48
$Δ χ_{MAP}^{2}$ $Mathematical equation: $ \Delta{\chi^{2}_{\text{MAP}}} $$	Lyα + CMB + Pantheon⁺	—	-0.40	-0.60	-1.25	-1.08
	Lyα + CMB + DES-Dovekie	—	0.24	-0.16	0.63	-1.64
	Lyα + CMB + Union3	—	-1.20	-2.75	-2.79	-6.28

	Lyα + CMB + Galaxy BAO	—	2.20	1.25	1.59	3.10
Nσ	Lyα + CMB + Pantheon⁺	—	0.63	0.77	0.62	0.55
	Lyα + CMB + DES-Dovekie	—	0.00	0.40	0.00	0.77
	Lyα + CMB + Union3	—	1.10	1.66	1.16	2.02

	Lyα + CMB + Galaxy BAO	0	1.47	3.32	4.17	1.39
\|lnB_i, j\|	Lyα + CMB + Pantheon⁺	0	3.80	3.36	5.94	4.22
	Lyα + CMB + DES-Dovekie	0	3.80	3.61	5.93	3.07
	Lyα + CMB + Union3	0	3.70	2.46	4.91	1.53

Notes. Constraints are given at 68% (1σ) confidence level for the ΛCDM, oΛCDM, wCDM, owCDM, and CPL using different combinations of DESI DR2 BAO datasets with the CMB and SNe Ia (Pantheon⁺, DES-Dovekie, and Union3) samples.

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