Cyclic sunspot activity during the first millennium CE as reconstructed from radiocarbon

Open Access

Fig. 3.

Correction of the dataset for the ESPE of 774 CE. Panel (a): mean raw Δ¹⁴C annual data (black curve), the modelled 774 response (dashed blue lines; T = 130 DoY, A = 3.5; see Golubenko et al. 2025), and de-trended Δ¹⁴C data (dash-dotted red curve). Panel (b): SNs reconstructed from the raw Δ¹⁴C (black) and de-trended (red) datasets. Error bars are omitted for clarity in all panels.

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