The building blocks of 3D models of barred galaxies - I. The case of ring galaxies

Open Access

Fig. 5.

Top: 3D regular orbit that supports an R₁ ring-like structure of the galaxy, labelled ‘Ring Orbit’ (red), together with the planar unstable periodic orbit (black). Bottom: 2D PSS (y,ẏ) for x = 0 and $\dot{x} < 0$ $\dot{x} < 0$ . The projection of the 3D ring-like orbit is plotted in red. The energy level is E_j = −4.5.

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