The building blocks of 3D models of barred galaxies - I. The case of ring galaxies

Open Access

Fig. 14.

Time evolution of the projection on the x − y plane of a 3D sticky chaotic orbit (blue in Fig. 13). Left: First 10 000 iterations of the 4D PSS ( $y, \dot{y}, z, \dot{z}$ $y,\dot{y},z,\dot{z}$ ). Middle: Iterations 20 000–35 000. Right: Iterations 80 000–90 000. The orbit finally escapes from the system through an Archimedean spiral.

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