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Fig. 5

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Formal uncertainties (σ) of gravity field coefficients from the 2W mode at 40° and 90° orbital inclinations, alongside the reference model. Red and blue squares denote the positive and negative values of the reference Jn coefficients, respectively. The 40° inclination results in higher uncertainties due to limited latitudinal coverage, especially at low degrees. In contrast, the 90° polar orbit significantly reduces formal errors across all degrees, emphasizing the importance of comprehensive latitude coverage in achieving accurate gravity field recovery.

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