Contour plot of the MOID with Earth as a function of the initial (e, inc) values. The vertical line displays e = 0.38, for which the apocenter of the Venus co-orbital asteroid is equal to Earth’s pericenter. The black stars display the location of the real co-orbitals of Venus with a MOID with Earth of 0.0005 au or less. The red stars show the orbital location of five test particles at e < 0.38 that experienced low MOIDs in our simulations. The dashed black line shows the approximate boundary of the low-MOID region.