Path delay recorded on 27 August 2016 between 11:50 and 15:50 UTC (gray line, panel a), and average IFP lead angle obtained by Juno between 2016 and 2022 (gray lines, panel b and c for the north and south pole, respectively) are shown alongside simulations obtained from the model described in Section 3. The thick black line corresponds to the Voyager 1-based reference case. Red lines show results for increasing or decreasing peak density of the warm torus, green lines show temperature and blue lines show radial extension (variations of 25% with respect to the reference case). Solid lines indicate a decrease and dashed lines an increase. The thin black line is obtained from same reference model with all the protons replaced by O⁺. The dot-dashed line is obtained by removing the plasma contribution from the transition between the IPT and the plasma disk. In panels b and c, the blue lines and the dot-dashed line overlap with the reference case.