A₁ distribution of our total sample. A₁ is defined as the averaged strength of the m = 1 mode of the Fourier decomposition for each stellar particle within the radial range R₅₀ − 1.4R₉₀. The black line represents the threshold used to distinguish between lopsided (orange) and symmetric galaxies (blue). The dashed distributions represent the incorrect classifications of the galaxies made by SMOTE + RF for testing set, as we discuss later in Sect. 4. The dashed purple distribution represents the actual symmetric galaxies classified by the model as lopsided galaxies $({\mathrm{SG}}_{{\mathrm{A}}_1}-{\mathrm{LG}}_{\mathrm{m}})$, and the dashed green distribution represents the actual lopsided galaxies classified by the model as symmetric galaxies $({\mathrm{LG}}_{{\mathrm{A}}_1}-{\mathrm{SG}}_{\mathrm{m}})$. Each distribution has in parenthesis their respective number.