Comparative analysis of galactic orbital axes under proper motion uncertainties and different potential models at θ_tan = 80°. Panels shows the mean values of 600 major, minor, and intermediate axes calculated through backward integration. Each panel corresponds to a unique combination of proper motion uncertainty and potential models. Dash-dotted curves show the effect of distance uncertainties, while solid curves show results without distance uncertainties. Rows correspond to different levels of proper motion uncertainty, while columns represent the three axes: major (left), intermediate (center), and minor (right).