Sunspot cycles for the first millennium BC reconstructed from radiocarbon

Open Access

Fig. 1.

Data for the first millennium BC used here. Panel a: Raw Δ¹⁴C data along with the 1σ uncertainties (indicated by the black line and grey shaded band, respectively; Brehm et al. 2025). The red arrow indicates the signature of the ESPE at about 664 BC. Panel b: Paleo- and archaeo-magnetic reconstructions of the virtual dipole moment (VDM), according to 1 Usoskin et al. (2016), 2 Knudsen et al. (2008), 3 Pavón-Carrasco et al. (2014), 4 Schanner et al. (2022), and 5 Nilsson et al. (2022).

Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.

Data correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.

Initial download of the metrics may take a while.