Test of data against a null model with identical $f_{\delta ,mn}={\overline{f}}_0$ for all m and n (N_z = 3). Shown on the y-axis is the probability of $-2lnP(f_{\delta ,mn}={\overline{f}}_0|\mathit{d})$ being greater than in the null model. The dotted line is the result for one noisy verification data vector that has ${\overline{f}}_0=1$; the solid line is for the KiDS-1000 data. The set-up in Table 1 and the source distributions in Fig. 1 without errors in the projection parameters are assumed.