Bayesian graph models representing the relation between the cosmological parameters (Ω_m, S₈), the mean sparsity model prediction at a given redshift (${\overline{\mathit{s}}}^{\mathrm{th}}$), the covariance among multiple sparsities at a given redshift (C_z, which reduces to the sparsity variance in the case of a single sparsity analysis), and the mean sparsity data (s_z). Panel (a) show the simplest data model with no bias included with the posterior sample as given by Eq. (14), while the data model shown in panel (b) accounts for the selection-baryon bias as in Eq. (17), and that shown in panel (c) extend the model to the HE bias with the posterior given by Eq. (19).