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Fig. 3.

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Diagram of the α factor (parameter proportional to the instantaneous surface ratio between bright and dark features, Sfac/Sspot) for the 48 Kepler stars compared with values obtained for 400 modeled LCs with different Sfac/Sspot (adapted from Shapiro et al. 2020; Amazo-Gómez et al. 2020b). The Sun (yellow circle) is located in the transition region between the branches of spot-dominated surfaces (left) and faculae-dominated LCs (right). Blue circles represent the 48 stars analyzed with the GPS in this work, 4 of which are highlighted in green (i.e., KIC 3853938, KIC 8424356, KIC 11599385, and KIC 12266582) since they are transitioning between spot- and faculae-domination (i.e., GPS α<0.18, as indicated by the dashed black line). The dotted black lines correspond to solar values.

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