Evolution of disk aspect ratio (top) and minimum planet mass required to open a gap (bottom) from young class 0 disks (lighter colors) to mature class II disks (darker colors) for different final protostellar masses. These models are those with small dust grains (0.1 μ m). The dashed gray line presents the radius of the disk assumed in these models. The typical masses of giant and rocky planets are taken from Zhu & Dong (2021) (also see Akeson et al. 2013). Up to ∼50 M_⊕ of a giant planet and an entire rocky planet would create no sign of a dust gap if formed in the protostellar phase (t < 2 × 10⁵ yr).