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Fig. 6

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Illustration of two scenarios of disk evolution and planet formation. Left: if Rmag < Rcor, unimpeded X-ray irradiation by the central star opens a gap in the disk that eventually depletes the inner disk and stymies planet formation there. A pressure bump outside the cavity can trap solids and enable the formation of one or more giant planets. Right: if Rmag > Rcor, an IDW shields the disk further out from X-rays, slowing or halting PE and delaying or preventing the opening of a gap. Solids drift accumulate closer to the star, leading to more compact dust disks and close-in multi-planet systems.

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