The reason for the widespread energetic storm particle event of 13 March 2023

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Volume 695 (March 2025)

A&A, 695 (2025) A127

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Table 1.

Coordinates of candidate ARs and S/C, and their magnetic connectivity to the Sun.

(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)
				Parker spiral ^(a)			EUHFORIA ^(c)

Location	r	Lon. ^(b)	Lat. ^(b)	Lon. ^(b)	Lon sep. ^(d)	V_obs	Lon. ^(b)	Lat. ^(b)	Lon sep. ^(d)
	(au)	(°)	(°)	(°)	(°)	(km s⁻¹)	(°)	(°)	(°)
AR1 (AR 13258)		15–39	17–33
AR2 (AR 13256)		343–12	–(12–35)
Eruption sector		39–343	–(35–33)
Parker	0.23	354.7	3.2	9.1		490	8.5	11.2
BepiColombo	0.4	119	0.2	143.9	–104.9	400 ^(e)	140.2	–20.4	–101.2
Solar Orbiter	0.61	121.6	−5.0	159.2	–120.2	400 ^(e)	149.9	–21.8	–110.9
STA	0.97	135.7	−7.3	212.8	130.2	310	180.2	–27.4	–141.2
Near Earth	0.98	148.1	−7.2	218.9	124.1	347	182.7	–26.0	–143.7
MAVEN	1.64	97.3	–3.4	223.0 ^(f)	120	325	181.0	–26.3	–142.0

Notes. Columns (2)–(4): coordinates of feature or observer provided in Col. (1). Columns (5) and (8)–(9): estimated magnetic footpoint coordinates of the observers.

^(a)

Magnetic footpoints at the solar surface based on ballistic backmapping assuming a nominal Parker spiral field line based on the solar wind speed provided in Col. (7). The backmapped latitudes (not shown) are the same as the S/C latitudes given in Col. (4);

^(b)

Longitude and latitude values are given in the Carrington coordinate system;

^(c)

Magnetic footpoint at the solar surface based on EUHFORIA simulation (The magnetic footpoints in the EUHFORIA simulation are based on a potential field source surface (PFSS) extrapolation extended with the Schatten current sheet model up to 0.1 au, followed by the MHD simulation beyond that distance.);

^(d)

Longitudinal separation angle between the observer’s magnetic footpoint and the closer edge of the eruption sector. Positive (negative) values denote that the source sector edge is to the west (east) of the magnetic footpoint;

^(e)

No solar wind measurements available, using therefore the nominal value of 400 km s⁻¹;

^(f)

Solar wind speed is provied by the Mars Express mission.

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