No robust statistical evidence for a population of water worlds in a 2025 sample of planets orbiting M stars

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Volume 695 (March 2025)

A&A, 695 (2025) A253

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Table A.1

Planets in the 2025 sample. Planets new to the 2025 sample and thus not in the 2022 sample are marked with an asterisk.

Planet name	Mass_p (M_⊕)	Radius_p (R_⊕)	Density_p (ρ_⊕)	T_eq,p (K)	T_eff,✶ (K)	Primary Reference	Notes
G 9-40 b ^(a)	4.0 ± 0.63	1.9 ± 0.06	${3.2}_{0.58}^{+ 0.63}$ $3.2_{0.58}^{ + 0.63}$	171 ± 1.7	3395 ± 51	1
GJ 1132 b	1.84 ± 0.19	1.19 ± 0.04	${5.97}_{- 0.79}^{+ 0.96}$ $5.97_{ - 0.79}^{ + 0.96}$	584 ± 11	3229 ± 78	2
GJ 1214 b	${8.41}_{- 0.35}^{+ 0.36}$ $8.41_{ - 0.35}^{ + 0.36}$	2.73 ± 0.03	2.26 ± 0.11	567 ± 8	3101 ± 43	3
GJ 1252 b	1.32 ± 0.28	1.19 ± 0.07	${4.2}_{- 1.1}^{+ 1.3}$ $4.2_{ - 1.1}^{ + 1.3}$	1089 ± 69 ^(b)	3458 ± 14	4	^(b) T_eq,p : 5
GJ 3090 b ^(a)	3.34 ± 0.72	2.13 ± 0.11	${1.89}_{- 0.45}^{+ 0.52}$ $1.89_{ - 0.45}^{ + 0.52}$	693 ± 18	3556 ± 70	6
GJ 3473 b	1.86 ± 0.3	1.26 ± 0.05	${5.03}_{- 0.93}^{+ 1.07}$ $5.03_{ - 0.93}^{ + 1.07}$	773 ± 16	3347 ± 54	7
GJ 357 b	1.84 ± 0.31	1.22 ± 0.08	${5.6}_{- 1.3}^{+ 1.7}$ $5.6_{ - 1.3}^{ + 1.7}$	525 ± 11	3505 ± 51	8
GJ 367 b ^(a)	0.63 ± 0.05	0.7 ± 0.02	10.2 ± 1.3	1365 ± 32	3522 ± 70	9
GJ 486 b	${2.77}_{- 0.07}^{+ 0.08}$ $2.77_{ - 0.07}^{ + 0.08}$	${1.29}_{- 0.01}^{+ 0.02}$ $1.29_{ - 0.01}^{ + 0.02}$	${6.66}_{- 0.29}^{+ 0.23}$ $6.66_{ - 0.29}^{ + 0.23}$	696 ± 7	3317 ± 36	10
GJ 806 b ^(a)	1.9 ± 0.17	1.33 ± 0.02	4.4 ± 0.45	940 ± 10	3600 ± 16	11
HD 260655 b ^(a)	2.14 ± 0.34	1.24 ± 0.02	6.2 ± 1.0	709 ± 4	3803 ± 10	12
HD 260655 c ^(a)	3.09 ± 0.48	1.53 ± 0.05	${4.7}_{- 0.8}^{+ 0.9}$ $4.7_{ - 0.8}^{ + 0.9}$	557 ± 3	3803 ± 10	12
K2-146 b	5.77 ± 0.18	2.05 ± 0.06	3.69 ± 0.21	534± 10 ^(b)	3385 ± 70	13	^(b) T_eq,p: 14
K2-146 c	7.49 ± 0.24	2.19 ± 0.07	3.92 ± 0.27	520 ± 10 ^(b)	3385 ± 70	13	^(b) T_eq,p: 15
K2-18 b	8.63 ± 1.35	2.61 ± 0.09	${2.67}_{- 0.47}^{+ 0.52}$ $2.67_{ - 0.47}^{ + 0.52}$	255 ± 4	3457 ± 39	16
K2-25 b	${24.5}_{- 5.2}^{+ 5.7}$ $24.5_{ - 5.2}^{ + 5.7}$	3.44 ± 0.12	${3.31}_{- 0.78}^{+ 0.84}$ $3.31_{ - 0.78}^{ + 0.84}$ ^(c)	494 ± 11	3207 ± 58	17
K2-3 b ^(a)	${5.11}_{- 0.64}^{+ 0.65}$ $5.11_{ - 0.64}^{ + 0.65}$	${2.08}_{.0.07}^{+ 0.08}$ $2.08_{.0.07}^{ + 0.08}$	${3.11}_{- 0.46}^{+ 0.49}$ $3.11_{ - 0.46}^{ + 0.49}$	501 ± 5	3844 ± 61	18
Kepler-138 c ^(a)	${2.3}_{- 0.5}^{+ 0.6}$ $2.3_{ - 0.5}^{ + 0.6}$	1.51 ± 0.04	${3.6}_{- 0.9}^{+ 1.4}$ $3.6_{ - 0.9}^{ + 1.4}$	410±8	3841 ± 50	19
Kepler-54 b ^(a)	3.09 ± 0.3	1.86 ± 0.06	${2.64}_{- 0.32}^{+ 0.31}$ $2.64_{ - 0.32}^{ + 0.31}$	453 ^(b)	3853 ± 80	20	^(b) T_eq,p : 21
Kepler-54 c ^(a)	2.1 ± 0.2	1.69 ± 0.05	2.38 ± 0.29	395 ^(b)	3853 ± 80	20	^(b) T_eq,p : 21
L 98-59 c	${2.42}_{- 0.34}^{+ 0.35}$ $2.42_{ - 0.34}^{ + 0.35}$	1.34 ± 0.07	${5.46}_{- 1.05}^{+ 1.23}$ $5.46_{ - 1.05}^{ + 1.23}$	553 ± 27 ^(b)	3412 ± 49	4	^(b) T_eq,p : 22
L 98-59 d	${2.31}_{- 0.45}^{+ 0.46}$ $2.31_{ - 0.45}^{ + 0.46}$	1.58 ± 0.08	${3.17}_{- 0.73}^{+ 0.85}$ $3.17_{ - 0.73}^{ + 0.85}$	416 ± 20 ^(b)	3412 ± 49	4	^(b) T_eq,p : 22
LHS 1140 b ^(a)	5.6 ± 0.19	1.73 ± 0.02	5.9 ± 0.3	226 ± 4	3096 ± 48	23
LHS 1140 c ^(a)	1.91 ± 0.06	1.27 ± 0.03	5.1 ± 0.4	422 ± 7	3096 ± 48	23
LHS 1478 b	2.33 ± 0.2	1.24 ± 0.05	${6.67}_{- 0.89}^{+ 1.03}$ $6.67_{ - 0.89}^{ + 1.03}$	595 ± 10	3381 ± 54	24
LP 791-18 c ^(a)	7.1 ± 0.7	2.44 ± 0.1	2.69 ± 0.41 ^(c)	324 ± 2	2960 ± 55	25
LTT 1445 Ab ^(a)	${2.73}_{- 0.23}^{+ 0.25}$ $2.73_{ - 0.23}^{ + 0.25}$	${1.34}_{- 0.06}^{+ 0.11}$ $1.34_{ - 0.06}^{ + 0.11}$	${6.2}_{- 1.3}^{+ 1.2}$ $6.2_{ - 1.3}^{ + 1.2}$	431 ± 23	3340 ± 150 ^(b)	26	^(b) T_eff,✶: 27
LTT 1445 Ac ^(a)	1.37 ± 0.19	${1.07}_{- 0.07}^{+ 0.1}$ $1.07_{ - 0.07}^{ + 0.1}$	${5.9}_{- 1.5}^{+ 1.8}$ $5.9_{ - 1.5}^{ + 1.8}$	516 ± 28	3340 ± 150 ^(b)	26	^(b) T_eff,✶: 27
LTT 3780 b	2.46 ± 0.19	1.32 ± 0.06	${5.8}_{- 0.8}^{+ 1.0}$ $5.8_{ - 0.8}^{ + 1.0}$	903 ± 26	3358 ± 92	28
LTT 3780 c	${8.04}_{- 0.48}^{+ 0.5}$ $8.04_{ - 0.48}^{ + 0.5}$	${2.39}_{- 0.11}^{+ 0.1}$ $2.39_{ - 0.11}^{ + 0.1}$	${3.24}_{- 0.43}^{+ 0.55}$ $3.24_{ - 0.43}^{ + 0.55}$	359 ± 10	3358 ± 92	28
TOI-1075 b ^(a)	${9.95}_{- 1.3}^{+ 1.36}$ $9.95_{ - 1.3}^{ + 1.36}$	${1.79}_{- 0.08}^{+ 0.12}$ $1.79_{ - 0.08}^{ + 0.12}$	${9.32}_{- 1.85}^{+ 2.05}$ $9.32_{ - 1.85}^{ + 2.05}$	1323 ± 44	3875 ± 75	29
TOI-1201 b ^(a)	${6.28}_{- 0.88}^{+ 0.84}$ $6.28_{ - 0.88}^{ + 0.84}$	${2.42}_{- 0.09}^{+ 0.09}$ $2.42_{ - 0.09}^{ + 0.09}$	${2.45}_{- 0.42}^{+ 0.48}$ $2.45_{ - 0.42}^{ + 0.48}$	703 ± 15	3476 ± 51	30
TOI-1231 b	15.4 ± 3.3	${3.65}_{- 0.15}^{+ 0.16}$ $3.65_{ - 0.15}^{ + 0.16}$	${1.74}_{- 0.42}^{+ 0.47}$ $1.74_{ - 0.42}^{ + 0.47}$	330±4	3553 ± 51	31
TOI-1235 b	${6.69}_{- 0.69}^{+ 0.67}$ $6.69_{ - 0.69}^{ + 0.67}$	1.69 ± 0.08	${7.25}_{- 1.1}^{+ 1.3}$ $7.25_{ - 1.1}^{ + 1.3}$	775 ± 13 ^(b)	3997 ± 51	4	^(b) T_eq,p : 32
TOI-1266b ^(a)	4.23 ± 0.69	2.62 ± 0.11	1.3 ±0.3	425 ± 20	3618 ± 157	33
TOI-1450 A b ^(a)	1.26 ± 0.13	1.13 ± 0.04	4.79 ± 0.73 ^(c)	722 ± 35	3437 ± 86	34
TOI-1468 b ^(a)	3.21 ± 0.24	1.28 ± 0.04	${8.41}_{- 0.98}^{+ 0.99}$ $8.41_{ - 0.98}^{ + 0.99}$ ^(c)	682 ± 7	3496 ± 25	35
TOI-1468 c ^(a)	${6.64}_{- 0.68}^{+ 0.67}$ $6.64_{ - 0.68}^{ + 0.67}$	2.06 ± 0.04	4.15 ±0.5 ^(c)	338 ± 4	3496 ± 25	35
TOI-1470 b ^(a)	${7.32}_{- 1.24}^{+ 1.21}$ $7.32_{ - 1.24}^{ + 1.21}$	2.18 ± 0.04	${3.86}_{- 0.68}^{+ 0.7}$ $3.86_{ - 0.68}^{ + 0.7}$	734	3709 ± 11	36
TOI-1634 b	${7.57}_{- 0.72}^{+ 0.71}$ $7.57_{ - 0.72}^{ + 0.71}$	1.77 ± 0.08	${7.6}_{- 1.1}^{+ 1.3}$ $7.6_{ - 1.1}^{ + 1.3}$	924 ^(b) ± 22	3472 ± 70	4	^(b) T_eq,p : 37
TOI-1685 b	${3.03}_{- 0.32}^{+ 0.33}$ $3.03_{ - 0.32}^{ + 0.33}$	1.47 ± 0.05	5.3 ± 0.8	1062 ± 27	3575 ± 53	38
TOI-1695 b ^(a)	6.36 ± 1.0	${1.9}_{- 0.14}^{+ 0.16}$ $1.9_{ - 0.14}^{ + 0.16}$	${5.0}_{- 1.3}^{+ 1.8}$ $5.0_{ - 1.3}^{ + 1.8}$	698 ± 14	3690 ± 50	39
TOI-244 b ^(a)	2.68 ± 0.3	1.52 ± 0.12	4.2 ± 1.1	458 ± 20	3433 ± 100	40
TOI-269 b	8.8 ± 1.4	2.77 ± 0.12	${2.28}_{- 0.42}^{+ 0.48}$ $2.28_{ - 0.42}^{ + 0.48}$	531 ± 25	3514 ± 70.	41
TOI-270 b	1.58 ± 0.26	1.21 ± 0.04	4.97 ± 0.94	581 ± 14	3506 ± 70	42
TOI-270 c	6.15 ± 0.37	2.36 ± 0.06	2.6 ± 0.26	488 ± 12	3506 ± 70	42
TOI-270 d	4.78 ± 0.43	2.13 ± 0.06	2.72 ± 0.33	387 ± 10	3506 ± 70	42
TOI-406.01 ^(a)	${6.57}_{- 0.9}^{+ 1.0}$ $6.57_{ - 0.9}^{ + 1.0}$	${2.08}_{- 0.15}^{+ 0.16}$ $2.08_{ - 0.15}^{ + 0.16}$	4.1 ± 1.1	368 ± 14	3392 ± 44	43
TOI-4438 b ^(a)	5.4 ± 1.1	2.52 ± 0.13	${1.85}_{- 0.44}^{+ 0.51}$ $1.85_{ - 0.44}^{ + 0.51}$	435 ± 15	3422 ± 81	44
TOI-6255 b ^(a)	1.44 ± 0.14	1.08 ± 0.06	6.3 ± 1.29 ^(c)	1256	3421 ± 70	45
TOI-663 b ^(a)	${4.45}_{- 0.66}^{+ 0.63}$ $4.45_{ - 0.66}^{ + 0.63}$	${2.27}_{- 0.09}^{+ 0.1}$ $2.27_{ - 0.09}^{ + 0.1}$	${2.07}_{- 0.38}^{+ 0.42}$ $2.07_{ - 0.38}^{ + 0.42}$	674 ± 30	3681 ± 70	46
TOI-776 b	5.0± 1.6	1.8 ± 0.08	${4.8}_{- 1.6}^{+ 1.8}$ $4.8_{ - 1.6}^{ + 1.8}$	520 ± 12	3725 ± 60	47
TRAPPIST-1 b	1.37 ± 0.07	1.12 ± 0.01	${5.44}_{- 0.28}^{+ 0.26}$ $5.44_{ - 0.28}^{ + 0.26}$	397 ± 3.8 ^(b)	2566 ± 26	48	^(b) T_eq,p : 49
TRAPPIST-1 c	1.31 ± 0.06	1.1 ± 0.01	${5.46}_{- 0.24}^{+ 0.22}$ $5.46_{ - 0.24}^{ + 0.22}$	339 ± 3.3 ^(b)	2566 ± 26	48	^(b) T_eq,p : 49
TRAPPIST-1 d	0.39 ± 0.01	0.79 ± 0.01	${4.37}_{- 0.17}^{+ 0.15}$ $4.37_{ - 0.07}^{ + 0.15}$	286 ± 2.8 ^(b)	2566 ± 26	48	^(b) T_eq,p : 49
TRAPPIST-1 e	0.79 ± 0.01	0.92 ± 0.01	${4.9}_{- 0.18}^{+ 0.17}$ $4.9_{ - 0.18}^{ + 0.17}$	249 ± 2.4 ^(b)	2566 ± 26	48	^(b) T_eq,p : 49
TRAPPIST-1 f	1.04 ± 0.03	1.04 ± 0.01	${5.02}_{- 0.16}^{+ 0.14}$ $5.02_{ - 0.14}^{ + 0.14}$	217 ± 2.1 ^(b)	2566 ± 26	48	^(b) T_eq,p : 49
TRAPPIST-1 g	1.32 ± 0.04	${1.13}_{- 0.01}^{+ 0.02}$ $1.13_{ - 0.01}^{ + 0.02}$	${5.06}_{- 0.16}^{+ 0.14}$ $5.06_{ - 0.16}^{ + 0.14}$	197± 1.9 ^(b)	2566 ± 26	48	^(b) T_eq,p : 49
TRAPPIST-1 h	0.33 ± 0.02	0.76 ± 0.01	4.16 ± 0.33	171 ± 1.7 ^(b)	2566 ± 26	48	^(b) T_eq,p : 49
Wolf 327 b ^(a)	2.53 ± 0.46	1.24 ± 0.06	7.24 ± 1.66	996 ± 18	3542 ± 70	50

Notes. All planetary and stellar parameters used in this study. Mass_p , Radius_p and Density_p are the planet mass, radius and density. T_eq,p is the planets equilibrium temperature and T_eff,✶ is the stellar effective temperature.

^(a) Planets new to the 2025 sample, that were not in the 2022 sample. ^(b) Planets where the stellar effective temperature or the planet equilibrium temperature was unavailable in the primary reference. The secondary reference is indicated in the notes. ^(c) Planetary bulk densities which have been calculated in this work using the equations of appendix B.

References: 1: Luque et al. (2022b), 2: Xue et al. (2024), 3: Mahajan et al. (2024), 4: Luque & Pallé (2022), 5: Shporer et al. (2020), 6: Almenara et al. (2022), 7: Kemmer et al. (2020), 8: Luque et al. (2019), 9: Goffo et al. (2023), 10: Weiner Mansfield et al. (2024), 11: Palle et al. (2023), 12: Luque et al. (2022a), 13: Hamann et al. (2019), 14: Livingston et al. (2018), 15: Lam et al. (2020), 16: Benneke et al. (2019), 17: Stefansson et al. (2020), 18: Diamond-Lowe et al. (2022), 19: Piaulet et al. (2023), 20: Leleu et al. (2023), 21: Muirhead et al. (2012), 22: Demangeon et al. (2021), 23: Cadieux et al. (2024), 24: Soto et al. (2021), 25: Peterson et al. (2023), 26: Pass et al. (2023), 27: Oddo et al. (2023), 28: Bonfanti et al. (2024), 29: Essack et al. (2023), 30: Kossakowski et al. (2021), 31: Burt et al. (2021), 32: Bluhm et al. (2020), 33: Cloutier et al. (2024), 34: Brady et al. (2024), 35: Chaturvedi et al. (2022), 36: González-Álvarez et al. (2023), 37: Cloutier et al. (2021) 38: Burt et al. (2024), 39: Cherubim et al. (2023), 40: Castro-González et al. (2023), 41: Cointepas et al. (2021), 42: Van Eylen et al. (2021), 43: Lacedelli et al. (2024), 44: Goffo et al. (2024), 45: Dai et al. (2024), 46: Cointepas et al. (2024), 47: Luque et al. (2021), 48: Agol et al. (2021), 49: Ducrot et al. (2020), 50: Murgas et al. (2024).

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